oundational Principles 2
Focus on geographic areas or groups with a shared social identity
What is community health?
This refers to the number of existing and new cases of a disease at a given time.
What is prevalence?
These are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that affect health outcomes.
What are social determinants of health (SDOH)?
This type of intervention addresses the root causes of diseas: social determinants of health (poverty, environmental hazards, or engineering controls)
What is an upstream approach?
A public health problem must be widespread, severe, costly, and have this available.
What approach emphasizes using research evidence to guide public health decisions?
Evidence-based public health
This strategy focuses on groups with a higher-than-average risk of developing a disease but who are not yet affected.
What is the at-risk approach?
Individual biology, genetics, and age fall under this type of determinant.
What are biological or individual risk factors?
Treating a heart attack after it occurs is an example of this type of strategy.
What is downstream intervention? (Medical approach)
This term describes unfair and avoidable differences in health outcomes caused by unequal conditions.
Health inequities
What are the 3 primary goals of public health?
Screening adults with prediabetes to prevent diabetes is an example of this population health approach.
What is the high-risk approach?
Access to clean water, safe housing, and nutritious food are examples of this determinant category.
What are environmental determinants?
Interventions aimed at increasing access to healthy foods is considered this type of approach.
What is upstream prevention?
These are strategies such as vaccination and requiring seatbelts
What is primary prevention?
This term describes new cases of a disease occurring over a specific time period.
What is incidence?
This concept explains why a large number of people at low or moderate risk can contribute more cases of a disease than the smaller group at high risk, guiding population-wide prevention strategies.
What is the prevention paradox?
Education, employment, income, and social support are considered this type of determinant.
What are socioeconomic determinants?
Installing seat belts and airbags is often described as a mix of downstream and another type of strategy.
What is upstream prevention?
This level of prevention focuses on detecting disease early and slowing its progression.
What is secondary prevention?
These are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
Can the at-risk and high-risk approach be used simultaneously?
Yes
A measure describing the frequency of deaths in a population over time.
What is mortality?
Policies that reduce sugar-sweetened beverage taxes or promote access to healthy food exemplify this population-level approach.
What is upstream intervention?
This level of prevention aims to reduce complications and improve the quality of life after the disease develops.
What is tertiary prevention?