Theory 1
What does Weber say about the Spirit of Capitalism?
Protestant Germans in the 20th century, due to the cultural norms brought by the idea working and making money was the greatest good a human could do for God
What separates the U.S from Latin America, according to Acemoglu and Robinson?
The U.S. maintainted an early establishment of inclusive economic and political institutions; Latin America has struggled to develop due to historical extractive institutions left by colonial powers
What is the State, according to Weber?
An organization with a monopoly over the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
What is a Regime?
The means by which a political community choses its leaders; ex: the Iranian regime holds elections for some leaders
What is Hegemonic Shock? (Gunitsky)
The sudden, sharp shift in the global distribution of power among leading states, caused by events such as economic crises, major wars, or imperial collapses
How does Rostow explain how traditional societies progress to modern societies?
Modern societies come about primarily through the adoption of science and scientific thought, most significantly in the educational and infrastructure spheres
What does Fukuyama argue about the role of "the state" in economic development?
To balance scope and strength; by stabilizing and mastering both scope and strength, a state is granted the ability to participate in effective state-building
What is Participation?
Who can run/vote; one vote per person; the upholding of minority and individual rights
What is a Government?
Leaders who govern a given territory; the state allows the government to exist; the state is the car and the government is the driver
What is Inducement?
Financial incentives to institutionally change; ex: Marshall Plan
What does Carodo cite as the reason why Latin American societies do not become modern societies?
Western nations/actors/entrepreneurs enter Latin America and establish extractivist economies, taking the resources which could be used to domestically advance Latin America and placing it in the economies of the West
What are the Pre-Conditions for Democracy? (According to Lipset)
Wealth/economic development;
industrialization, education, urbanization, mass communication, high income
What is Contestation?
Voter choice (true, real choice on outcomes); groups can lose and eventually give up power, and there are a variety of groups and alternative candidates; majority eventually rules
What is the State?
An organization with legitimate authority over the use of physical force within a given territory; an organization where political leaders implement and impose decisions and provide services
What is Coercion?
Institutional change caused by violence/threat of violence; forced change
--> ex: post-WW2 Germany
Why did South Korea succeed in late-industrialization, according to Amseden?
The Korean state directly manipulated and regulated the country's economy to ensured that foreign corporations and entrepreneurs were not able to establish control over the market in a way which would make Korea reliant on outside stimulation
What does Berman say about the process of Democratization?
Democracy can be developed through various means, but the act of democratization is never straightforward and will always consist of long term, difficult, and unpeaceful processes; most importantly, failure is an essential step towards democracy.
What are insurgents?
Citizens of a state who take up arms against the established government/institutional order as an avenue towards gaining something from those in power; predominantly towards gaining democracy
What is the State/Regime/Gov't relationship structured; which apparatus acts as a foundation for the others?
Regime
State --> the most important foundation
What are the differences between good and bad institutions, according to Acemoglu and Robinson?
Good institutions promote growth and reward productivity; Bad institutions limit growth and promote the status quo
What is Exogenous mean?
Development sustains democracy; richer democracies survive
What is Developmental State Theory?
Late development is hard and a capable state is needed to oversee it; state replaces the missing entrepreneur; state must be autonomous from society
What are Democratic Waves (Huntington)?
When democratization due to similar events happens simultaneously within different countries; caused by hegemonic shock; Women's political participation is NOT a wave
What are Elite Pacts/Pacted Transitions?
An explicit agreement or understanding negotiated between powerful political/economic/social groups to moderate unrestrained conflict and end "winner-takes-all" political competition