UK Gov
• UK has an uncodified constitution which is
the right not to be held without charge
the right to trial and to challenge evidence brought against you
an explicit list of policies published by political parties before a parliamentary election that they promise to enact if they form a government
Parliament can’t be overridden
a formal guarantee of certain fundamental rights of citizens
• parliamentary vote in which a significant number of junior legislators defy their party leaders and vote against a government bill
Parliament can’t be overridden
prevailing conditions which reward certain types of behavior while punishing others
o Opposition by definition is a minority and can’t block bills
o Because a bill of rights is so fundamental in democratic systems, it is virtually always explicitly spelled out in the supreme law of the land… the constitution
: a member of the legislature who doesn’t hold a leadership position in either the government or opposition party
Opposition by definition is a minority and can’t block bills
England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
an opposition-sponsored parliamentary measure in which a majority of parliament votes against the sitting government
First among equals’, sets agenda, etc.
Nature of the House of Lords
a national election in which all seats in the legislature are contests
• Despite informal status, dynamics of these de facto consequences can have as much or even more impact on political system as de jure institutions themselves
France, Netherlands, South Africa, India, Russia, Germany