The 4 Cs
Comparative Practice
Early Judaism
Early Christianity
Early Islam
100

The Christian New Testament is an example of this element of Albanese's 4 Cs model.

What is Creed?

100

The intellectual act of negotiating sameness and difference.

What is Comparison?

100

This comparative phrase refers to any set of texts that is considered revealed or sacred by a religious community.

What is scripture?

100

This comparative term refers to religious texts or practices that are designed to criticize, subordinate, attack, or argue against another religion.

What is a polemic? - OR - What are polemics?

100

This comparative Arabic term (&/or its Persian counterpart) often refers to religion (or "true" religion).

What is din or den?

200

A Hindu man performing yogic sun salutations by the Ganges River at dawn is an example of this.

What is Cultus?

200

Stemming from the Greek word for "silence" or "secret," this adjectival category used by religious studies scholars sometimes refers to the "hidden" parts of reality.

What is "the mystical?"

200

Because Judaism's revolutionary (and evolutionary) form of monotheism pitted its "true" version of religion against all other "false" ones, it can be considered this kind of religion.

What is "counter-religion?"

200

This comparative term, which we often associate with the Christian tradition, refers to the systemic and rational attempt to explain the nature and existence of God.

What is theology?

200

The belief that the forces of good and evil are real and are eternally at war with each other is an example of this.

What is ethical dualism?

300

The Golden and Silver Rules are examples of this part of the 4 Cs model.

What is Code?

300

This comparative pattern refers to the observation that some of the deepest & most meaningful human experiences do not fit into local categories and social contexts.

What is the nonlocal self?

300

DAILY DOUBLE

This insistence on an absolute difference between God and gods, between "true" and "false" religion(s), goes against the logic and work of polytheistic comparisons and cross-cultural understanding.

What is the monotheistic distinction?

300
Synonymous with "teaching(s)", the Christian belief in the triune God (i.e., God as Father, Son, & Holy Spirit) is an example of this.

What is doctrine?

300

This Arabic term refers to the struggle against nonbelievers and/or false religion.

What is jihad?

400

Swifties are a (somewhat) secular example of this key element of the 4 Cs model.

What is Community?

400

These two related terms respectively mean God-is-everything and God-is-in-everything

What are pantheism and panentheism?

400

One of the oldest Hebrew terms for "God," this word is actual a plural noun, whose literal translation is often considered to be "the gods."

What is elohim?

400

DAILY DOUBLE

A homonym for a weapon of war, this comparative term refers can be used to refer to the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible.

What is "canon?"

400

The Muslim scholar of religion Abu al-Fath Muhammed al-Shahrastani divided people into these two comparative categories.

What are the people of religion (or "the book") and people of opinion?

500

The parts of the Hebrew Bible that contain the Ten Commandments, Exodus 20:2-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21, are primarily examples of this part of the 4 Cs model.

What is Creed?

500

Etymologically rooted in the ancient Greek word for "spectacle" and originally tied to the practice of pilgrimage, this concept refers to Kripal's fourth and final stage of the comparative process.

What is theory?

500

The ongoing interpretive tradition known as the "oral Torah" is an example of this kind of religious scripture.

What is "open canon?"

500

Rooted in the Greek word for "choice" or "opinion," this word has a strong negative connotation (esp. when used w/in Christian tradition), but actually means something close to what we mean today by  "religious freedom."q

What is heresy?

500

Like the heretics of the Christian tradition, this comparative category of people who were considered in a negative light by early Muslims would seem to us today as proponents of religious freedom.

Who are the people of opinion?

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