Nephrological
This is the earliest detectable clinical marker of diabetic kidney disease, often preceding overt nephropathy and signaling increased risk for progression to chronic kidney disease.
What is microalbuminuria?
This major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes is characterized by the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arteries, leading to events such as myocardial infarction and stroke
What is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?
This diabetes-related eye complication is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults and is characterized by microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and neovascularization.
What is diabetic retinopathy?
This complication is caused by damage to blood vessels that supply nerves, often resulting in numbness and tingling in a stocking-glove distribution
What is diabetic neuropathy?
Patients with diabetes and kidney disease are at increased risk to develop this common cardiovascular condition affecting nearly 120 million people in the US according to the CDC
What is hypertension?
This risk factor independently increases the risk of cardiovascular events and is a primary target for intervention according to the American Diabetes Association.
What is hypertension?
Diabetes increases the risk of this age-related lens opacity, which can cause painless, progressive loss of vision and often requires surgical extraction at an earlier age than in non-diabetic patients.
What is cataract?
Patients with type 2 diabetes often experience reduced blood flow to their lower extremities, delaying healing of minor cuts and wounds. These patients are at increased risk of developing this major complication of diabetes
What are diabetic ulcers?
A chronic progressive microvascular complication of diabetes characterized persistent albuminuria and declining glomerular filtration rate and caused by increased oxidative stress and glomerular hyperfiltration
What is diabetic nephropathy?
This cardiovascular complication is characterized by symptoms such as dyspnea, edema in the wrists and ankles, and reduced ejection fraction.
What is heart failure?
This optic nerve disease, associated with elevated intraocular pressure, is more common in individuals with diabetes and can lead to irreversible peripheral vision loss if untreated.
What is glaucoma?
This urologic complication, frequently underrecognized in diabetes, manifests as urgency, frequency, and incomplete bladder emptying due to autonomic nerve dysfunction.
What is diabetic bladder dysfunction?
This complication of diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of renal replacement therapy initiation in the United States, Europe, and Japan.
What is end-stage renal disease?
This vascular complication, characterized by reduced blood flow to the lower extremities and increased risk of limb ischemia, is more prevalent in individuals with type 2 diabetes and is a marker of systemic atherosclerosis.
What is peripheral arterial disease?
This sight-threatening finding in proliferative diabetic retinopathy indicates advanced disease and carries a high risk for complications such as vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, and neovascular glaucoma.
What is neovascularization?
This chronic liver condition, now termed metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes and increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
What is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?