Exam 1 (Ch. 1-4)
This divides a body in to unequal halves.
Parasagittal Plane
What type of motions do we perform during eating?
Elevation & Depression
What functional muscle groups are there other than the prime mover and what do they do?
Antagonist - Muscle that opposes and slows the prime mover (agonist)
Synergist - Muscle that works with the agonist by guiding movement and ensuring it's smooth; some help with joint stability
Fixator - Muscle that holds bone in place
What functional class of neurons would you expect to find in the posterior root ganglion of a spinal nerve?
Afferent (Sensory); anterior root is efferent
What neurotransmitters are used by which divisions of the ANS & by what neurons?
Sympathetic Preganglion - ACh
Sympathetic Postganglion - ACh, Epinephrine, & Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic - ACh
This quadrant contains most of the stomach.
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
What are the layers of the dermis and what structures do they have?
Papillary Layer - Dermal Papillae, Capillaries, Tactile Corpuscles
Reticular Layer - Blood vessels, Sweat glands, Hair, Sebaceous glands, and Lamellated corpuscles
How is isotonic concentric contractions different from isotonic eccentric contractions?
Isotonic concentric contractions shorten muscle by increasing force. (i.e. Lifting an object)
Isotonic eccentric contractions lengthen muscle by decreasing force. (i.e. Lowering the object)
What do the spinocerebellar tracts do?
Carry proprioceptive stimuli up the spinal cord to the cerebellum.
How does olfaction structurally differ from the other special senses?
In olfaction, stimuli are detected directly by the neurons of the cranial nerve, while other special senses use specialized receptor cells.
This substance is found in skin and makes the tissue resistant to friction.
Keratin
What are the types of hair?
Lanugo - Thin, nonpigmented hair of fetuses
Terminal Hair - Thick, coarse, & pigmented hair (on our heads)
Vellus Hair - Thin, nonpigmented hair found all over the body
What proteins are thin filaments made of and what do they do?
Actin - Have active site to bind to myosin
Tropomysoin - Wraps around actin to block its active site
Troponin - Binds to calcium to shift the tropomyosin to reveal the actin active sites
What structures within the skull help protect the brain and how?
Cranial Meninges are membranes that surround the brain to help provide physical protection & support. Also circulates CSF.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the brain to reduce its buoyancy (prevent the brain from being crushed) & removes wastes.
Blood brain barrier - Astrocytes surrounding blood vessels control what substances enter or leave the brain tissue.
What are otoliths & what do they do?
"Ear stones"; calcium carbonate crystals. They are found in a gelatinous mass that surrounds some hair cells called the otolithic membrane; manipulates the cilia of hair cells when the head moves.
These are the parts of a feedback loop.
Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, Effector/Response, Return to Set Point/End Point
During bone repair, what is the soft callus filled with?
Regrowing blood vessels, fibroblasts, chondroblasts, collagen fibers
What are the neuroglia in the brain and what do they do?
Astrocytes - Maintain the blood-brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes - Myelinate certain axons
Microglial cells - Immune function/Act as phagocytes
Ependymal cells - Produce & spread cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What types of neurons do sensory and effector pathways have?
Sensory pathways have: first-order neuron (detects stimulus), second-order neuron (interneuron spinal cord/brainstem), third-order neurons (interneuron that connects to cerebral cortex)
Effector pathways have: upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex & lower motor neuron that synapses directly with muscle/gland.
What are the possible pathways of sympathetic preganglionic & postganglionic neurons?
Preganglionic axon synapses with postganglionic neuron in sympathetic chain ganglion.
Preganglionic axon descends or ascends & synapses with a postganglionic neuron in a different chain ganglion.
Preganglionic axon passes through the chain ganglion & synapses with a postganglionic neuron in a collateral ganglion.
This feature is unique to cardiac muscle tissue and allows it to work as a unit.
Intercalated Discs
During intramembranous ossification, what happens after osteoblasts are developed?
They secrete organic matrix, which calcifies, and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
How does an action potential travel down an axon?
Via propagation; a section of the axolemma depolarizes to create an action potential to open nearby voltage-gated sodium ion channels, allowing another action potential to form and the previously depolarized part to repolarize. This process repeats until the action potential reaches the axon terminal.
How does the pathway of the stimulus in the simple stretch reflex differ from that of the flexion & crossed-extension spinal reflex.
In the simple stretch reflex, the afferent neurons synapse directly to efferent motor neurons.
In the flexion & crossed-extension spinal reflex, the afferent neurons synapse with interneurons, located within the spinal cord, which then synapse with motor neurons.
How do we sense sound when sound waves enter into the ear?
Sound waves will cause the tympanic membrane, the auditory ossicles, &, by extension, the oval window to vibrate.
Vibration of the oval window will produce pressure waves that travel through the endolymph & perilymph.
The pressure waves will cause the basilar membrane to vibrate & cause the hair cells to bend.
The bending of hair cells will cause them to release neurotransmitters that trigger an action potential in the cochlear nerve.