EXAM 1
EXAM 2
EXAM 3
EXAM 4
EXAM 5
100

How do we describe molarity?

mol/L

100

What type of transport describes the movement of ions that are driven by a concentration gradient?

passive transport

100

What is the primer for glycogenesis?

Glycogenin

100

Where do lipoproteins store fats in the body

liver, adipose cells, muscle

100

What value provides the normal values for a given variable

Reference Interval

200

  1. A bond that has an electronegativity value of 1.2 is  

    1. Ionic

    2. Nonpolar Covalent 

    3. Polar Covalent 

    4. Hydrogen

  • Polar Covalent 

200

What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of AMP into IMP?

adenylate deaminase

200

How many NADH's are collected from the Krebs cycle

3 NADH molecules

200

What are the products of lipolysis

glycerol and fatty acids

200

  • Which type of muscle fiber has a higher concentration of ATP and PCr

    1. Type IIX

    2. Type IIA

    3. Type I

3. Type I

300

  1. What is the change in H+ concentration when pH changes from pH 7 to pH6

    1. 10 times more H+ ions than pH 7

    2. 10 times fewer H+ ions than pH 7

    3. 100 times more H+ ions than pH 7

    4. 100 times fewer H+ ions than pH 7



  • 10 times more H+ ions than pH 7

300

What are our two regulatory proteins in muscle contraction?

tropomyosin and troponin

300

Which hormone is responsible for starting the cyclic-AMP cascade?

Epinephrine

300

During fat digestion, what hormone is released by cells located in the duodenal wall to release bile?

Cholecystokinin

300

Which signaling protein involved in mitochondrial biogenesis is also involved in blocking the muscle hypertrophy pathway.

AMPK

400

  1. Which oxygen transporter is also involved in carrying CO2?

    1. myoglobin

    2. hemoglobin

hemoglobin

400

Which ion is found in high concentration outside the cell?

Sodium

400

Name the rate limiting enzyme for the Krebs cycle, ETC, and glycolysis. 

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase (complex IV), and PFK

400

What are the four major classes of lipoproteins and arrange them in order from least dense to most dense. 

chylomicron --> VLDL --> LDL --> HDL

400

Which of the following is not apart of the activation of PGC1-alpha

1. AMPK

2. p53

3. IGF-1

4. CAMKII

IGF-1

500

  1. What is the weakest interaction involved in the stabilization of quaternary and tertiary structures?


BONUS: What four interactions stabilize the tertiary/quaternary structures


1. Hydrophobic interactions



BONUS: electrostatic bond, disulfide bond, van der waals interaction, and hydrophobic interactions

500

Which muscle fiber type is recruited first?

a. Type I

b. Type IIA

c. Type IIX

DOUBLE: Describe how are muscle fibers are recruited and what we call this process

c. Type I




the body recruits motor units from smallest to largest based on the strength needed for the task and size principle

500

Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis?

  1. 2 pyruvate

  2. 1 FADH

  3. 2 NADH

  4. 2 ATP

Bonus: How is aerobic metabolism different? Explain why the net ATP production of glycolysis is 2.

2. 1 FADH

Aerobic glycolysis requires oxygen and travels from the cytoplasm into the mitochrondria. We are able to move into the membrane through the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA by decarboxylation.

The net ATP production of glycolysis is 2 because it cancels out the 2 ATP molecules it invested at the start during the payoff phase.  

500

What three key enzymes assist in the process of lipolysis?


DOUBLE: What is lipolysis?

ATGL, HSL, and MGL



 Breakdown of a triacylglycerol

500

Which of the following is the master regulator of muscle mitochondrial content?

  1. TFM

  2. PGC1alpha

  3. NRF

  4. CAMKII

  5. BONUS: Describe the way that way that satellite cells assist in muscle hypertrophy














2. PGC1alpha


BONUS: fuses with the muscle fiber thus increasing the nuclues content of the cell to increase gene and protein transcription

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