Dyslexia:
Name five common risk factors for dyslexia.
- Family history
- Late talking
- Learning new words slowly
- Problems forming words correctly
- Problems remembering/naming letters, numbers, colors
- Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or playing rhyming games
Name five secondary diagnoses associated with DLD.
- ASD
- ID
- ADHD
- Dyslexia
- Language-learning disorders
Name two co-occurring disorders with ASD.
ID and SPCD.
Name five common causes of aphasia.
- Stroke
- Head injury (TBI)
- Brain tumor
- Infection
- Progressive Neurological Disease (e.g., Dementia)
Define echololia.
- Repeating noises, sounds, words, phrases
- Can be a small or large part of a child's language
- Done with same pitch/tone
- Atypical after 2 and 1/2 years old
Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in nature. It is characterized by what difficulties?
Difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling, and poor decoding abilities.
What three criteria need to be met to be considered for DLD?
1. Child has language difficulties that create obstacles with communication or learning in everyday life
2. Child's language problems are unlikely to resolve (or have not resolved) BY 5 YEARS OF AGE
3. No known biomedical condition; brain injury, neurodegenerative conditions, genetic conditions, or chromosome disorders
Name four risk factors for ASD.
- Advanced parental age
- Prenatal infection
- Traumatic birth
- Prenatal pharmaceutical use
Define aphasia.
A language disorder that happens when you have brain damage. It may make it harder for you to understand, speak, read, or write. It does not make you less smart or cause problems with the way you think.
Name five general risk factors for later language delay.
- Otitis media
- Hearing impairment
- Maternal education level: lower education level can lead to lower language usage in the home
- Abuse, neglect
- Drug/alcohol exposure
- Family history of speech/language/literacy disorders
What are "the Big 5" affected by dyslexia?
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Phonics
3. Fluency
4. Vocabulary
5. Comprehension
Name five everyday impacts of DLD.
- Following long, complex instructions
- Simultaneously listening/understanding
- Learning new words and concepts
- Remembering words
- Producing sentences with age-appropriate vocabulary and grammar
- Being social with peers
- Recalling information when telling stories and reporting events
Describe five early signs of ASD.
- No babbling or pointing by age 1
- No single words by age 16 months or 2-word phrases by age 2
- No response to name
- Lack of eye contact
- Excessive lining up of toys or objects
- No smiling or social responsiveness
- Loss of language or social skills at any age
- Can be identified as early as 12 months
- Diagnoses are stable at 18 months
- Median age of diagnosis is 4 years
Describe the characteristics of Broca's aphasia.
Non-Fluent
Site of Lesion: Inferior Frontal Lobe
Auditory Comprehension: Relatively intact
Reading Comprehension: Poor
Oral Expression:
Impaired naming, especially confrontation
Impaired repetition
Effortful
Slow
Halting
Agrammatic
Literal paraphasia
Written Expression:
Slow and laborious
Spelling errors/letter omissions
Contralateral hemiparesis; Increased issues with writing with non-dominant hand
Other:
Apraxia
Dysarthria
Describe phonemic/literal paraphasia.
Involves substitution, addition, or rearrangement of speech sounds so that the error can be identified as sounding like the target; correct word but put together poorly
ex. Pike/Pipe
Dyslexia results from a...
Deficit in the phonological component of language.
Describe the diagnostic markers of DLD at 9 years old and younger.
Lack of use and understanding of verbs; auxiliary, 3rd person singular, regular past tense.
Name five diagnostic criteria for ASD.
- Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
- Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal/nonverbal behavior
- Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus
- Hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input, or unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environment
Describe the characteristics of Wernicke's aphasia.
Fluent
Site of Lesion: Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory Comprehension: Poor
Reading Comprehension: Poor
Oral Expression:
Anomia
Neologisms
Circumlocution
Logorrhea: words following through
Press of speech: speaks very quickly
Jargon
Semantic and literal paraphasia
Written Expression:
Difficulty with meanings of printed words
Excessive but meaningless writing
Frequent misspellings
Neologistic writing
Describe phonemic awareness vs. phonological awareness.
Phonemic: the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) into spoken words.
Phonological: the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of words (syllables)
Name five common signs of dyslexia in preschool/grade school.
Preschool:
- May talk later than most children
- May have difficulty pronouncing words
- May be slow to add new vocabulary words
- May be unable to recall the right word
- May have difficulty with rhyming
- May be unable to follow multistep directions or routines
- May have trouble learning the alphabet, numbers, days of the week, colors, shapes, and how to write his or her name
- May have difficulty telling and/or retelling a story in the correct sequence
- Often has difficulty separating sounds in words and blending sounds to make words
Grade School:
- Has difficulty decoding single words
- May be slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds
- May confuse small words
- Makes consistent reading and spelling errors; including word reversals, transpositions
- May be slow to learn new skills; rely heavily on memorizing without understanding
Describe the diagnostic markers of DLD 9 years old and older.
- Lack of use and understanding of complex grammar, discourse (conversation and retelling), figurative language
- Delay in reading development
- Inability to compose paragraphs (written expression)
Define stimming.
Self-stimulating actions that are repeated to stimulate the senses.
Describe the characteristics of Global aphasia.
Non-Fluent
Site of Lesion: Large lesions affecting all language areas; frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
Auditory Comprehension: Impaired
Reading Comprehension:
Impaired
Oral Expression:
Profoundly impaired language skills
Expressions limited to a few words
Greatly reduced fluency
Stereotypy
Apraxia
Written Expression:
Impaired
Describe verbal stereotypy.
Produced involuntarily; restricted language forms
Types:
yes/no
bland statements; I think so, maybe
Swearing
Non-dictionary; one syllable repetition, unrecognizable word form