Overview
drugs that have a primary indication other than pain relief but are analgesic for some conditions and in combination with other analgesics
What are adjuvant analgesics?
pain arising from the peripheral or central nervous system which is poorly localized and described as burning, stabbing, or tingling
What is neuropathic pain?
gold standard for assessing the existence and intensity of pain
What is the patient's self-report?
to advocate for patients by accepting their reports of pain and acting promptly to relieve it while respecting their preferences and values
What is the role of the nurse in pain management?
cognitively impaired, critically ill, comatose, or imminently dying
Who are vulnerable patients for untreated pain?
older adults, substance abuse disorder patients, those with primary language differences
Who are vulnerable or at risk populations for inadequately treated pain?
additional pain that requires more or different intervention than the mainstay analgesic drugs
What is breakthrough pain?
should be conducted during the inital interview with the patient, with each new report of pain, and whenever indicated by changes in the patient's condition or treatment plan
What is a comprehensive pain assessment?
using combined analgesics with different underlying mechanisms in order to achieve optimal pain relief with lower dosages
What is a multimodal approach?
used by many professional organizations today as a framework of assessing pain in those who cannot self-report
What is the hierarchy of pain measures?
Margo McCaffery said this about pain
What is "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is and exists whenever they say it exists"?
any medication or procedure which produces an effect in a patient because of its implicit or explicit intent, not because of its specific properties
What is a placebo?
location, intensity,quality, onset and duration, effect of pain on function and quality of life, and comfort/function outcomes
What are the components of a comprehensive pain assessment?
the standard opioid analgesic against which all other opioid drugs are compared
What is morphine?
the nurse should remember this when working with patients with cognitive dysfunction
What is "a score obtained by use of a behavioral tool is not the same as a self-reported pain intensity score"?
prolonged healing and stress response, decreased GI motility, increased oxygen demand, increased risk for development of chronic pain
What is the physiologic impact of unrelieved pain?
result of actual or potential tissue damage or inflammation and if often characterized as being somatic or visceral
What is nociceptive pain?
localized, projected, referred, and radiating pain
What are categories of pain related to location?
never crush, break, or allow the patient to chew these because it alters the formulation of the drug and can result in adverse events, including death
What are modified or extended release opioids?
guideline for determining opioid dosages for older adults
What is "start low and go slow"?
given to reverse clinically significant opioid respiratory depression
What is naloxone?
pain that persists or recurs for an indefinite period of time, usually more than 3 months, and serves no useful purpose
What is persistent or chronic pain?
anxiety, fear, hopelessness, anger, desperate
What are psychosocial responses to pain?
a major side effect of opioid use which requires intervention
What is constipation or respiratory depression?
why meperidine is no longer used in pain management
What is the normeperidine metabolite that requires adequate renal function for elimination?