Brain Physiology
A crucial brain structure in the temporal lobe, essential for forming new memories, learning, spatial navigation, and emotional regulation, as part of the brain's limbic system, this brain part was removed from Henry Molaison, a.k.a HM.
What is the hippocampus?
Founder of Neuralink, this person sold his first video game named Blastar to a computer magazine for half a grand.
Who is Elon Musk?
This protective barrier prevents many substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain tissue.
What is the blood-brain barrier?
This word is synonymous to independence and in Kantian philosophy (philosopher Immanuel Kant) is the capacity of an agent to act in accordance with objective morality rather than under the influence of desires.
What is autonomy?
This type of machine learning involves training an AI by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing undesired ones.
What is reinforcement learning?
Tree-like extensions of neurons receive incoming signals from other neurons.
What are dendrites?
This technique uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the brain's electrical activity.
What is electroencephalography?
This gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals is called this.
What is a synapse?
This principle in research ethics requires that participants voluntarily agree to participate after being fully informed about the study.
What is informed consent?
This term describes when an AI model performs well on training data but poorly on new, unseen data.
What is overfitting?
This neurotransmitter is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, helping to reduce neuronal excitability.
What is GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?
A historical figure known to have made important contributions to Western culture and science, this philosopher believed that the brain served merely to cool heat generated by the heart.
Who is Aristotle?
This brain wave pattern, seen in relaxed wakefulness with closed eyes, oscillates at 8-12 Hz.
What are alpha waves?
This thought experiment by philosopher John Searle argues that a computer running a program doesn't truly understand, using the example of someone in a room translating Chinese.
What is the Chinese Room?
These artificial neural networks, inspired by the visual cortex, are particularly effective at image recognition tasks and use layers of convolutions.
What are Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)?
The area of the brain that plays a role in decision-making and spatial attention
What is the superior colliculus?
This neurosurgical procedure involves implanting electrodes in specific brain regions to treat conditions like Parkinson's disease and is abbreviated DBS.
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
Also known as the alpysia califonica, this creature has led to Nobel Prize-winning research by Eric Kandel on the cellular basis of memory and revealing mechanisms for nervous system repair and aging.
What is the sea hare?
This ethical framework, associated with philosophers like Bentham and Mill, judges actions based on their consequences and aims to maximize overall happiness.
What is utilitarianism?
This AI system developed by DeepMind defeated the world champion in the ancient board game Go in 2016.
What is AlphaGo?
This phenomenon describes the precise timing-dependent mechanism where a presynaptic neuron firing just before a postsynaptic neuron strengthens their connection, while the reverse order weakens it, crucial for learning and memory.
What is spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP)?
A high-density silicon probe, this tool is used to record electrical signals from hundreds of individual neurons simultaneously across multiple brain regions.
What is the neuropixel?
This pioneering neurosurgeon mapped the motor and sensory cortices by electrically stimulating patients' brains during surgery in the 1950s.
Who is Wilder Penfield?
This philosopher's "mind-body problem" questions how physical brain processes give rise to subjective conscious experiences, sometimes called "qualia."
What is the hard problem of consciousness? (or Who is David Chalmers?)
This phenomenon occurs when AI systems learn and perpetuate biases present in their training data, raising concerns about fairness and discrimination.
What is algorithmic bias? (or AI bias?)