Anatomy of the Eye
The transparent, avascular structure that bends light onto the retina.
What is the cornea?
This photoreceptor detects color and functions best in bright light.
What are cones?
A leading cause of irreversible blindness due to optic nerve damage, often associated with increased intraocular pressure.
What is glaucoma?
The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
What is the optic nerve (CN II)?
Eye chart used to measure visual acuity.
What is a Snellen chart?
The layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors.
What is the retina?
The photoreceptor that is highly sensitive to dim light but cannot detect color.
What are rods?
A clouding of the lens, often age-related, causing blurred vision.
What is cataract?
The structure where optic nerve fibers partially cross.
What is the optic chiasm?
This handheld tool is used to visualize the retina and optic disc.
What is an ophthalmoscope?
The optic nerve exits the retina at this structure, creating a natural blind spot.
What is the optic disc?
The afferent limb of the light reflex is CN II; the efferent limb travels via this nerve.
What is CNIII?
Autoimmune attack on the myelin of optic nerve fibers, often presenting with painful vision loss in young adults.
What is optic neuritis?
Visual field loss caused by a lesion at the optic chiasm.
What is bitemporal hemianopia?
The eye sign where pupils constrict when focusing on a near object.
What is the accommodation reflex?
The fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris.
What is the anterior chamber?
The physiological basis of night blindness is a deficiency of this vitamin.
What is Vitamin A?
Degeneration of the macula causing central vision loss in older adults.
What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
The lobe of the brain responsible for processing visual information.
What is the occipital lobe?
The reflex that causes the pupil to constrict when light is shone into the eye.
What is the pupillary light reflex?
The central portion of the macula responsible for high-acuity vision.
What is the fovea?
The part of the eye where photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals.
What is the retina?
A refractive error where close objects appear blurry because the eye focuses images behind the retina.
What is hyperopia?
The part of the thalamus that receives most retinal ganglion cell input before projecting to the visual cortex.
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?
This test uses puffed air or applanation to screen for glaucoma.
What is tonometry?