Pre-Confederation
Who lived on the land before Europeans arrived?
Indigenous people
What are treaties?
Agreements between Indigenous peoples and settlers
When was the Indian Act passed?
1876.
What was the date of Confederation?
July 1, 1867
Which province joined in 1871 and what was their condition for joining?
British Columbia; connecting them by building a railway
How did Indigenous peoples use the land? At least 2.
For hunting, fishing, gathering, farming, ceremonies
What were relationships like between Indigenous peoples and Europeans at first?
Cooperative and mutual, mostly good at first
What was the Indian Act?
A Canadian law controlling many aspects of Indigenous peoples’ lives.
Name the first four provinces to join Confederation.
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick.
Which 2 provinces were created in 1905?
Alberta and Saskatchewan
Name 3 struggles Indigenous peoples faced once Europeans arrived.
Loss of land, disease, broken agreements, pressure to change their culture, etc.
What were two reasons Europeans came to North America?
Resources and land
Give two restrictions under the Indian Act.
Couldn’t vote, forced onto reserves, couldn't move off reserves, forced assimilation policies
Who was an important leader for Manitoba and what did he do?
Louis Riel. He led the Red River Resistance and fought for Métis rights.
What province joined Confederation in 1873 and what was their condition for joining?
Prince Edward Island; Canada would pay off their debt
What was the main idea behind Confederation? (3 things)
To unite colonies, improve government, and strengthen/preserve ties to Britain.
Why were treaties originally made between Indigenous peoples and European settlers?
To create agreements for land use, trade, and peaceful coexistence.
What was the stated purpose of Residential Schools and what actually happened and what was the impact?
Stated purpose: education
Reality: children were forced to attend, taken from families, not allowed to speak their language, abuse
Real impact: cultural loss, trauma, language loss,
What is the BNA and what did it do?
the British North America Act. Joined provinces, created the government system, kept ties to Britain.
What territory did Canada create in 1898 and why?
Yukon; To maintain control and law during the Klondike Gold Rush in the gold-rich region.
Name two challenges the colonies faced before Confederation.
Weak economies, fear of U.S. takeover, poor transportation and communication, political division
Give 3 examples of promises that were made in treaties and then what happened in reality.
Various
Describe two long-term effects of the Indian Act.
Cultural loss, loss of languages, disruption of families, impacts on rights and self-governance
What were the 3 conferences and give a brief summary of each one.
Charlottetown Conference: first meeting of the original 4 provinces
Quebec Conference: the "real deal" meeting. Rules were made about how the new country would work.
London Conference: took the plan to London to get the Queen's approval
What territory joined in 1999, formed from part of the Northwest Territories, and why?
Nunavut; to give Inuit people more self governance.