Signal Types
These signals are performed from a distance to signal low level threats early in an encounter
What are challenge signals?
This is the first phase of the conflict resolution process
What is the assessment phase?
Honest signals are presented in display postures of this animal when they are 'boxing' with one another
Kangaroos
This theory applies to asymmetric systems where only one party has the option to cheat
What is the biological market theory?
Honey bees notify other scouts in the hive that they found a potential new hive location by performing this dance
What is the waggle dance?
This dominance signal allows rivals to evaluate status without escalation
What are status indicators?
After two individuals send cues/signals, what are the two possible outcomes of the situation?
What is withdrawing?
What is escalating?
Throat color morphs of these reptiles are an example of territory ownership
What are lizards?
What is a redundant signal?
These three biases and constraints influence decision making
What is assessing risk, historical context, and framing effects?
This signal is mainly based on body size of individuals, and has an honesty guarantee
What is fighting ability?
These are weighed out by individuals when deciding to fight another animal or not
What are costs and benefits?
The size of melanin plumage patches on these birds correlate with testosterone
What is the Pukeko bird?
This type of decision is used to achieve an optimal consequence based on prior knowledge of the costs/benefits of said decision
What is an exploitative decision?
This kind of signal can only be produced by senders who have specific properties
What is an index/assessment signal?
This signal announces presence and condition, and may include an individual signature
What is territory ownership?
During the signaling stage, receivers will test the _____ of the signals that are being sent
Reliability/honesty
This animal might signal offensively as a response to a challenge signal, by performing a directed flipper spread
What is the little blue penguin?
This kind of pheromone causes an immediate change in receiver behavior
What is a releaser pheromone?
When referring to masking, this effect means get louder when surrounding noise is also louder
What is the Lombard effect?
This signal is an example of aggressive motivation, and signals how much motivation there is for the situation to escalate
What is display rate?
This is referred to as the probability of successfully defending a resource against a challenger
What is the Resource Holding Potential (RHP)?
The males of this species perform behaviors such as snorting or stomping before engaging physically to compete for females
What are whitetail deer?
This is the idea that sometimes, the active space of a signal should be minimized to avoid detection by unwanted listeners
What is the eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis?
This 'sixth' chemical group that produces yellow and can be known as the penguin pigment
**Pronunciation does not matter!!**
What is spheniscin?