Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Testing
Classification
Treatment
100
What is the most common cause of CHF?
Ischemic heart disease Coronary artery disease
100
What is sudden awakening from sleep with severe shortness of breath?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
100
What is a lab test that has excellent negative predictive value in dyspneic patients with questionable pulmonary vs cardiac etiology
BNP
100
ACC / AHA stage - patient with risk factors for development of CHF
Stage A
100
Which medication addresses the hyperactive sympathetic activity and neurohormonal changes associated with heart failure?
Beta blockers
200
What is tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy?
LV systolic dysfunction caused by prolonged rapid heart rate
200
What is shortness of breath caused by recumbence / laying flat?
Orthopnea
200
What is the most important test for the diagnosis and evaluation of congestive heart failure?
Echocardiogram
200
NYHA class. A patient with HF symptoms occurring at rest.
Class IV
200
Which medications treat the RAAS (renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system)
ACE-I ARBs Aldosterone Entresto
300
What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure
300
What is engorgement of the neck veins caused by fluid overload / markedly elevated right atrial pressure
Jugular venous distension
300
A patient presents with dry skin, brittle nails, alopecia, slow speech, bradycardia, and constipation. She is diagnosed with CHF. Based on this constellation of symptoms, what would be a good lab test to order?
TSH
300
ACC / AHA stage. A patient requiring advanced HF treatment such as inotropic therapy, ventricular assist devices, evaluation for heart transplant.
Stage D
300
Which oral medication has mild positive inotropic activity and mild negative chronotropic activity, indicated for treatment of HF patients with reduced EF?
Digoxin
400
What are some toxins that can cause HF?
Chemotherapy Cocaine / amphetamines / stimulants Alcohol
400
What is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
Ascites
400
What are common abnormal chest x-ray findings indicative of CHF?
Pleural effusions Kerley B lines Blunting of the costophrenic angles Patchy alveolar opacities Cephalization of the pulmonary vasculature Cardiomegaly
400
ACC / AHA stage. A patient with an EF of 35% but has no clinical manifestation of HF.
Stage B
400
Which medications are used to provide relief of the congestive symptoms of HF by causing increased natriuresis / urine output?
Loop diuretics.
500
What is a condition that could cause "high output failure"
Severe anemia Hyperthyroidism
500
What is an ophthalmologic finding in patients with congestive heart failure indicative of increased sympathetic activity?
Mydriasis
500
What test should be performed in a patient with new onset HFrEF to evaluate for ischemic heart disease?
High risk -> cath Low risk -> stress test
500
ACC / AHA stage A patient with severe diastolic dysfunction on echo but no clinical manifestation of HF.
Stage B
500
What type of device would be implanted in a patient with CHF NYHA class III, with ventricular dysynchrony, QRS > 150 msec or LBBB?
AICD with CRT (cardiac resynchronization therapy) BiV (biventricular) AICD
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