Biodiversity and Extinction
Populations
Fragmentation / Edge Effects
Species Diversity and Communities
Networks
100
Variation in genes within a species is _______________ diversity
Genetic
100
A method used to assess if a species is self-sustaining or at risk of extinction. Involves at a minimum: a population estimate and an estimate of the population trend
Population viability analysis (PVA)
100
Which island will have the lowest immigration rate?
a
100
Measures species diversity considering both richness and relative abundance, calculated by:
-sum_(i=1)^np_iln(p_i)
Shannon diversity index (H)
100
These types of links indicate a one-way interaction (i.e. predator-prey)
Directed link
200
This species of bird went extinct due to over hunting and habitat fragmentation, and serves as a poster child for the consequences of unchecked exploitation of natural resources
The Passenger Pigeon
200
A method for sampling stationary species such as plants
Quadrats (also accept transects)
200
A set of spatially isolated subpopulations of the same species is a ___________________
Metapopulation
200
sum_(i-1)^Sp_i^2
Measures the probability that two randomly selected individuals from an area will belong to the same species. Calculation involves the sum of the relative abundance of each species squared
Simpson Dominance (D)
200
A ____________ species is a species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure and function of ecosystems, can be measured by the number of links it has in the network
Keystone species
300
One of the traits associated with high extinction risk, where a species only eats one kind of food
Diet specialization
300
This population growth model accounts for environmental limits, or carrying capacity, given by:
(dN)/(dt) = rN((K-N))/K
Logistic Growth Model
300
A specific type of edge that supports species from both adjacent ecosystems
Ecotone
300
Quantifies the total amount of evolutionary history represented by a set of species
Phylogenetic diversity
300
Which species has the highest degree in this network?
Snake OR Cricket
400
This can be used to predict the number of species that could be lost if habitat is removed
Species Area Relationship
400
This effect describes a positive correlation between population density and individual fitness, and denotes a critical population size below which the population will not survive
The Allee Effect
400
Which area has the highest Edge/Area ratio?
C
400
An index used to assess how similar or different two areas are in terms of species composition
Bray-Curtin Dissimilarity Index
400
A measure of the proportion of realized links to possible links. Measured by the number of observed links (L) divided by the total number of possible links in the network (P)
Connectance
500
Known as the 'great dying', this mass extinction event was the largest of all earth's mass extinctions, where 96% of marine and 70% of terrestrial species were lost
The Permian-Triassic Extinction.
500
The term for the life history strategy where species have low reproductive rates and high parental care
K-selected species (or K-strategists)
500
The metapopulation model considers the fraction of occupied patches (f), the colonization rate (c), and what other parameter?
The extinction rate (Pe)
500
Measures changes in species composition across environments. Calculated by a ratio of local to regional diversity
Beta diversity
500
Groups of species that interact with each other more often than with other species in the system
Modules
600
A drastic reduction in population size leading to reduced genetic diversity is called the ________ effect
bottleneck
600
The change in population recorded across two sampling events, given by the following formula, is called what?:
ʎ = N_(t+1)/N_t
Growth Factor (also accept discrete growth rate)
600
This measures the likelihood of homozygosity due to inbreeding
Inbreeding Coefficient (Fst)
600
Converts dissimilarity matrices into a coordinate system for visual representation of site similarities
PCoA
600
A hierarchical organization of species interactions, with specialists forming subsets of generalists
Nestedness