Biodiversity and Extinction
Variation in genes within a species is _______________ diversity
Genetic
A method used to assess if a species is self-sustaining or at risk of extinction. Involves at a minimum: a population estimate and an estimate of the population trend
Population viability analysis (PVA)
Refers to how well the landscape allows movement between resources patches
Landscape connectivity
Measures species diversity considering both richness and relative abundance, calculated by the sum of the proportion of each species times their natural logarithm
Shannon diversity index (H)
These types of links indicate a one-way interaction (i.e. predator-prey)
Directed link
This species of bird went extinct due to over hunting and habitat fragmentation, and serves as a poster child for the consequences of unchecked exploitation of natural resources
The Passenger Pigeon
A method for sampling stationary species such as plants
Quadrats (also accept transects)
A set of spatially isolated subpopulations of the same species is a ___________________
Metapopulation
Measures the probability that two randomly selected individuals from an area will belong to the same species. Calculation involves the sum of the relative abundance of each species squared
Simpson Dominance (D)
A ____________ species is a species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure and function of ecosystems, can be measured by the number of links it has in the network
Keystone species
One of the traits associated with high extinction risk, where a species only eats one kind of food
Diet specialization
This population growth model accounts for environmental limits, or carrying capacity
Logistic Growth Model
A specific type of edge that supports species from both adjacent ecosystems
Ecotone
Measures changes in species composition across environments. Calculated by a ratio of local to regional diversity
Beta diversity
A measure of the proportion of realized links to possible links. Measured by the number of observed links (L) divided by the total number of possible links in the network (P)
Connectance
This can be used to predict the number of species that could be lost if habitat is removed
Species Area Relationship
This effect describes a positive correlation between population density and individual fitness, and denotes a critical population size below which the population will not survive
The Allee Effect
This measures the likelihood of homozygosity due to inbreeding
Inbreeding Coefficient (Fst)
An index used to assess how similar or different two areas are in terms of species composition
Bray-Curtin Dissimilarity Index
Groups of species that interact with each other more often than with other species in the system
Modules
Known as the 'great dying', this mass extinction event was the largest of all earth's mass extinctions, where 96% of marine and 70% of terrestrial species were lost
The Permian-Triassic Extinction.
The term for the life history strategy where species have low reproductive rates and high parental care
K-selected species (or K-strategists)
The metapopulation model considers the fraction of occupied patches (f), the colonization rate (c), and what other parameter?
The extinction rate (Pe)
Converts dissimilarity matrices into a coordinate system for visual representation of site similarities
PCoA
A hierarchical organization of species interactions, with specialists forming subsets of generalists
Nestedness