Sleep Cycle
During this stage, a person's sleep becomes more stable, and they experience sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Stage 2
This is your awareness of yourself and your surroundings.
Consciousness
You're taking an AP Psychology test and concentrating intensely. What brain waves are most associated with this alert state?
Beta waves
After a long day of running and studying, your body needs sleep to restore this.
Energy
This internal biological clock follows an approximately 24-hour cycle and controls when you feel sleepy or awake.
Circadian rhythm
A student has just fallen asleep and is transitioning from being awake to sleeping. What stage are they in?
Stage 1
A student is fully focused on their teacher's lecture and knows exactly what's happening around them. What level of consciousness is this?
Conscious
You're lying on the couch with your eyes closed, completely relaxed but not asleep. What brain waves are associated with this state?
Alpha waves
DAILY DOUBLE
A teenager needs sleep because the body releases this hormone, which helps with physical development.
Growth hormone
A person travels to California and gradually adjusts their sleep schedule to the new time zone. What is this adjustment process called?
Entrainment
A person is having a vivid dream, but their muscles are temporarily paralyzed. What stage are they experiencing?
REM sleep
Someone has a fear they cannot explain, possibly influenced by past experiences they cannot consciously remember. What level of consciousness could be influencing them?
Unconscious
A student begins falling asleep during class and experiences a sensation of falling. What are these sensations called?
Hypnagogic sensations
A student studies vocabulary before bed and remembers it better the next morning. Sleep helped with this process.
Memory consolidation
A 6-year-old and a 70-year-old have different sleep patterns. Generally, what happens to total sleep time and time spent in REM sleep as people age?
Both generally decrease
Someone is extremely difficult to wake up, and their brain is producing slow delta waves. What stage are they in?
Stage 3
You haven't thought about your elementary school teacher in years, but when someone asks their name, you immediately remember. What level of consciousness does this demonstrate?
Subconscious / Preconscious
A sleep researcher notices slow, high-amplitude brain waves while a patient is in deep sleep. What type of waves are these?
Delta waves
A person who consistently sleeps only four hours each night begins getting sick more frequently. Which body system is likely being negatively affected?
Immune system
A student gets very little REM sleep for several nights. Once they finally get enough rest, they experience unusually long periods of REM sleep. What is this phenomenon?
REM rebound
A person sleeps for 8 hours. About how many complete sleep cycles will they experience, and how long is each cycle?
ANSWER BOTH FOR FULL POINTS
4–6 cycles, approximately 90 minutes each
A person transitions from being fully awake to dreaming and eventually entering deep sleep. What psychological concept describes these different conditions of awareness?
States of consciousness
DAILY DOUBLE
During Stage 2 sleep, a person's EEG shows sudden bursts of brain activity. What are these bursts called?
Sleep spindles
After pulling an all-nighter, a student struggles to concentrate, control emotions, and make decisions. What is the primary cause of these difficulties?
Sleep deprivation
A student asks which part of the brain regulates the body's circadian rhythm. What structure should the teacher identify?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)