Framers
Who is resposible for drafting the bill of rights?
James Madison's leadership was the voice that insisted on a Bill of Rights
What group opposed the original Constitution because it lacked explicit protections for individual liberties?
The Anti-Federalists
December 15, 1791
Which court case incorporated the 1st Amendment protections to the states?
Gitlow v. New York, 1925
What was the issue and outcome of Students for Fair Admission v. Harvard, 2023?
Issue: Affirmative action in college admissions.
Outcome: The Court ruled that race-based affirmative action programs in college admissions violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
This landmark decision ended the use of race as a factor in admissions for most colleges and universities, reshaping affirmative action policies nationwide.
Who is responsible for drafting Article III
James Wilson
When did enough states ratify the Bill of Rights to approve the national unification of adhering to the Constitution.
1791
How many Amendments are in the Constitution?
27 total
Which court case incorporated the Fourth Amendment protections against illegal search and seizure?
Mapp v. Ohio, 1961
What was the issue and outcome of Trump v. Anderson, 2024?
Issue: State authority to determine eligibility for federal office.
Outcome: The Court unanimously held that only Congress, not individual states, can determine eligibility for federal office under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment.
This ruling reinforced federal authority over state-level challenges to federal office eligibility.
This ruling reinforced federal authority over state-level challenges to federal office eligibility.
Who is most responsible for drafting Article I?
Also James Madison
Which founding father, though absent from the convention, strongly influenced the inclusion of a bill of rights through correspondence from France?
Thomas Jefferson
How many provisions are found in the 1st Amendment?
5 in total: freedom of speech, protection of the press, right to exercise religion, free assembly, and the right to petition the government.
Which case incorporated the Fifth Amendment's protection against double jeopardy?
Palko v. Connecticut, 1937
What was the issue and outcome in United States v. Brown, 2024?
Issue: The constitutionality of mandatory minimum sentences for certain drug offenses under federal law.
Outcome: The Court ruled that mandatory minimum sentences for specific federal drug crimes, including those tied to prior convictions, violate the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment in certain cases.
This decision could lead to a reassessment of sentencing laws, especially in non-violent drug offenses, and spark a broader debate about criminal justice reform.
Who is most resposible for Article II
Gouverneur Morris
Which delegate, who later became the first Chief Justice of the United States, supported a strong central government but also advocated for judicial protection of individual rights?
John Jay
How many provisions of the Fifth Amendment are there?
5 in total: requires indictment of a grand jury, no double jeopardy, self-incrimination, requires due process before depriving of life, liberty, or property, private property takings clause
Which court case incorporated the Fifth Amendment protections against self-incrimination?
Miranda v. Arizona, 1966
What was the issue and outcome of Rios v. United States, 2023?
Issue: Whether an individual's Fourth Amendment rights are violated by the use of "unreliable" eyewitness identification in criminal cases.
Outcome: The Court ruled that unreliable eyewitness identification can violate the Due Process Clause and cannot be used to secure a conviction without additional corroborating evidence.
The decision highlights the importance of fairness and accuracy in criminal trials, particularly regarding identification procedures.
When, where, and how long did the Constitutional Convention last?
The Constitutional Convention convened on May 25th, 1787, and concluded on September 17th, 1787, and was held in the Pennsylvania State House, AKA Independence Hall, in Philadephia, Pennsylvania.
Which delegate from New York, who later became Secretary of the Treasury, was a vocal advocate for a strong executive branch but also recognized the need for protections of individual rights, and helped shape the Bill of Rights?
Which Amendments cover voting rights?
15th Amendment- extends voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
19th Amendment- voting rights granted to women
23rd- grants electoral votes to D.C.
24th Amendment- eliminated poll taxes
26th Amendment- set the voting age at 18
Which case incorporated the Sixth Amendment right to counsel?
Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963
What was the issue, and outcome of Trump v. United States, 2024
Issue: Presidential immunity from criminal prosecution.
Outcome: The Court held that former presidents have absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts within their constitutional authority, and presumptive immunity for other official acts. However, there is no immunity for unofficial acts.
This decision clarified the scope of presidential immunity and its application to former presidents.