Vocabulary
The energy an object has because it is moving.
Kinetic Energy
All solid objects do this elastically when a force is applied, up to a certain point.
bend or change shape (deform)
In a collision, colliding objects apply this kind of peak force on each other.
Equally strong (but opposite in direction)
If you increase either the mass or the speed of a moving object, this type of energy increases too.
Kinetic energy
How is energy transferred between two objects?
Contact Force
A push or pull that can change an object's motion.
Force
This is the maximum deformation an object can handle before it deforms permanently and doesn't return to its original shape.
Elastic Limit
A collision can cause objects to change _____________or change shape due to the forces involved.
Motion
Kinetic energy is directly proportional to mass (double the mass = double the KE at the same speed), but it is proportional to the square of speed (double the speed = four times the KE). What is the equation for this?
KE=1/2(M)(V)2
You can store potential energy in a system by changing the shape or arrangement of its parts, such as stretching or compressing one of these.
Spring
A straight line drawn on a graph that comes closest to most of the data points, used to show the overall trend or relationship.
Line of best fit
Beyond this point, an object will crack or split apart completely.
Breaking Point
This simple drawing shows just one object as a dot with arrows pointing out to represent all the forces acting on it during a collision (helps separate the forces on each object).
Free body Diagram
The more kinetic energy an object has before a collision, the more of this kind of harm or breaking it can cause to the objects involved.
Damage
In a collision, some kinetic energy can transfer to particles in the surrounding air, causing a slight increase in this.
Temperature or Heat
The maximum force or stretch an object can handle before it stops returning to its original shape.
Elastic Limit
These three things affect how much an object deforms, its elastic limit, and its breaking point. (that is not KE or Force)
Type of material, the shape, and the thickness.
Friction is a contact force caused by what on surfaces that push and catch against each other when things slide or rub.
Microscopic bumps or roughness on surfaces
It takes more force to make a more-massive object speed up by the same amount as a lighter one—this is because the more-massive object has more of this to begin with.
Kinetic energy or mass
Systems with more total kinetic energy before a collision tend to produce higher values of damage right at the moment of impact.
Peak force
This law says that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force—like when two objects collide and push back on each other the same amount.
Newton's Third Law
When force is applied, an object first deforms reversibly (elastic), then deforms permanently if pushed past the elastic limit, and finally fractures at the breaking point—this describes the behavior shown in what kind of graph?
force vs. deformation or a line and plot graph.
The Law an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The net force is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration. (Fnet=ma)
Newton's Second Law
When an experiment has more than one independent variable (like changing both mass and speed), it's important to keep track of which one stay the same and which ones you are changing. What variable helps make it each a fair test and what variable is it the measures the independent variable.
controlled/constant variables and Dependent Variable