Cells & Communities
Briefly describe the Central Dogma of Biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Explains the flow of genetic information of all life
define a mutation
A random event that changes DNA/ RNA sequence
define incidence and prevalence
incidence rate: how many new cases occured during a set period of time
prevalence rate: how many total (existing) cases
Define what opsonization means?
a process immune cells used to detect infected/sick/cancerous cells and will flag them to be killed
how many bones are in the adult human body
206
Define or explain by what is meant by Social Determinants of Health and give an example
Factors that are NOT decided by genetics that create either societal barriers/opportunities on people's health
Name 5 kinds of mutations and correctly define them
- silent mutation: has no effect on the protein
- missense mutation: changes the amino acid
- nonsense : prevents protein creation via the STOP codon
- insertions & deletions
Differentiate between open and closed populations
open: dynamic, members can leave / join due to deaths, births and/or migration
closed: fixed, no new members can join or leave unless due to death
When discussing the physiological effect of drugs in the body, their were 4 areas of concern that the drug needed to survive, what were they?
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
Systolic Pressure is measured when the heart?
Heart contracts
Which nucleotide bases are purines?
*one try per group*
Adenine and Guanine
Explain how an individual would inherit Sickle Cell anemia?
Is their an evolutionary benefit to having the disease why and how?
Correctly use terms like dominance/recessive, and how many copies of the gene is needed?
SCA is recessive disease, meaning u need 2 copies of the genes from each parent
Carrying 1 copy of SCA protects against malaria, but no protection if u have both copies
Differentiate between acute vs chronic disease using the terms incidence, and prevalence
acute: high incidence but lower prevalence
chronic: low incidence but higher prevalence
How do we measure the impact of medical interventions in public health? Provide 3-4 examples
(Instructor discretion to determine who get points)
Health changes: count whose sick/injured
safety: any reported problems or side effects
how people feel: do people feel better, worse or the same
community data: survey's, school or clinic records
A device allowing one to see the internal condition of the body via magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
Describe the specific difference between transcription and translation?
And what the product is in each step (ex. single vs double stranded)
transcription: converts dna to rna, specifically dna is copied into mRNA
translation: converts mRNA into protein by using amino acids to create the protein sequence
Differentiate between chronic, genetic and infectious diseases?
Tell us the cause, duration and mode of transmission
BE SPECIFIC FOR 400 PTS YOU BETTER BE SPECIFIC!
Chronic: combination of genetics, lifestlye and environment. Long lasting, typically not contagious / transmissible
infectious: pathogenic org, generally acute, extremely contagious
Genetic : mutations, lifelong but can be developed later in life, not transmissible
Statins are drugs that do what in the body? Be specific in terms of effect, and the how
statins: lower cholesterol by reducing the liver from producing LDL chol (bad) and prompting it to make HDL chol (good)
by blocking the liver enzyme: HMG-CoA Reductase
Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in this protein, affecting oxygen transport
hemoglobin
What are the three small bones in the middle ear called?
Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup).
No, viruses for examples do NOT, they can go in any direction they want (rna -> dna or protein -> dna, etc)
ex. HIV , a retrovirus, makes DNA from RNA (RNA -> DNA)
In Huntington's and Prionic diseases, what was the core mechanism of the disease (in other words, how did these diseases work?)
*say the gene, effect, and the how*
Huntington's : on chromosome 4, HTT gene, the repeat of CAG causes the disease, producing toxic proteins to accumulate in the brain
Prions: mis-folded proteins that can transmit their structure to normal proteins which causes them to mis-fold
Using Cancer as an example, provide examples of: DAILY DOUBLE
population and individual interventions
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
Population-Level Intervention: Citywide anti-tobacco policies
Individual-Level Intervention: A person choosing to apply sunscreen daily
Primary Prevention: Avoiding tobacco, HPV vaccination (prevents HPV-related cancers)
Secondary Prevention: Mammograms, Pap smear tests
Tertiary Prevention: Chemo & radiation, Rehab after cancer treatment
define correlation and causation and provide an example that illustrates BOTH
causation: one event/factor directly influences another
correlation: a relationship btwn two variables, when one changes, the other tends to change too
pulmonary, mitral, aortic, tricuspid
*aortic opens while mitral closes