Transport
What year did the First Fleet arrive in Australia?
1788
Name two types of punishment the convicts experienced
Common punishments included floggings, solitary confinement, hard labour, and in extreme cases, execution.
Which Tasmanian penal colony was known as the "Hell on Earth" due to its harsh conditions and strict discipline?
Port Arthur
What year did the first free settlers arrive in Australia?
1793
Name at least three consequences of convict interactions with Aboriginal communities
Consequences included violence, disease transmission, cultural disruption, and loss of autonomy for Aboriginal communities.
Who was the captain of the HMS Sirius, the flagship of the First Fleet?
Captain Arthur Phillip
Name two challenges the convicts experienced.
Convicts faced challenges such as meager rations, poor quality food, and limited access to fresh produce. Malnutrition and disease were common due to these conditions.
What was the primary industry in which convicts at the Port Macquarie penal colony in New South Wales were employed?
Convicts at the Port Macquarie penal colony were primarily employed in timber cutting and milling.
Where did the free settlers establish their settlement?
Norfolk Island
Name one example of assisting and one example of resisting convict settlement by Aboriginal people
Aboriginal people often resisted convict settlement through acts of resistance, such as guerrilla warfare and sabotage. Some Aboriginal groups also provided assistance to convicts, acting as guides or intermediaries.
What was the primary purpose of establishing the colony with the First Fleet?
To establish a penal colony in Australia to relieve overcrowded British prisons.
How did the convicts interact with and adapt to the Indigenous Australian population upon arrival?
Convicts had varying interactions with Indigenous Australians, ranging from conflict to cooperation. Some convicts traded with Indigenous peoples for food and resources, while others were involved in violent clashes. Over time, convicts learned survival skills from Indigenous Australians and adapted to the local environment.
Why was the location of the penal colony in Tasmania really smart?
The prisoners couldn't escape because the penal colony was surrounded by sea.
What was the primary incentive for free settlers to immigrate to Australia in the 19th century?
The primary incentive for free settlers to immigrate to Australia was the promise of land ownership and opportunities for economic prosperity.
Name two ways in which convicts and Aboriginal people interacted in early colonial Australia
Convicts and Aboriginal people interacted through trade, conflict, cultural exchange, and sometimes intermarriage, though these interactions varied greatly depending on location and circumstances.
How many ships comprised the First Fleet?
11
What were the working hours and conditions like for convicts engaged in labour?
Convicts typically worked long hours, often from dawn to dusk, performing physically demanding tasks such as clearing land, construction, and agricultural work. Conditions were harsh, with little regard for safety or welfare.
How many penal colonies were established in Australia during the era of convict transportation?
6
When did they begin freeing the convicts from the colony?
1840
How did the presence of convicts and colonial settlers impact Aboriginal languages and cultural traditions?
The presence of convicts and colonial settlers contributed to the erosion of Aboriginal languages and cultural traditions through forced assimilation, loss of land, and disruption of traditional practices.
How many people comprised the First Fleet, including convicts, marines, officers, and their families, when it arrived in Australia in 1788?
The First Fleet consisted of approximately 1,500 people.
How did the social hierarchy among convicts influence their experiences in the early colony?
The social hierarchy among convicts determined their living conditions, access to resources, and treatment by authorities. Those with skills or connections might receive preferential treatment, while others faced harsher punishments and deprivation.
Name at least three penal colonies.
New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), Western Australia, Moreton Bay (Queensland), Port Arthur (Tasmania), and Norfolk Island.
What is "terra nullius" and how did it affect Aboriginal land rights in areas where convicts settled?
The British policy of "terra nullius," which claimed Australia as uninhabited land, denied the existence of Aboriginal land rights, facilitating the dispossession and colonization of Aboriginal territories by convicts and settlers.