Diagnosis & Symptoms
The two most common symptoms of COPD are…
What are chronic cough and dyspnea?
The most important risk factor for COPD.
What is cigarette smoking?
The most common test used to confirm COPD.
What is spirometry (pulmonary function test)?
The most effective intervention to slow COPD progression.
What is smoking cessation?
The oxygen goal for most COPD patients is…
What is SpO₂ 88–92% (PaO₂ >60 mmHg)?
This condition is defined as “chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in 2 years.”
What is chronic bronchitis?
This genetic condition can cause COPD in nonsmokers.
What is Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
In COPD, the FEV1/FVC ratio is…
What is decreased (<70%)?
Short-acting bronchodilators are also called…
What are rescue inhalers?
This oxygen delivery device provides precise FiO₂.
What is a Venturi mask?
A clinical finding of “barrel chest” is typically associated with this COPD subtype.
What is emphysema?
Smoking during this life stage can stunt lung growth and increase COPD risk.
What is childhood/teenage years?
An ABG showing pH 7.28, PaCO₂ 56, HCO₃ 30, PaO₂ 60 indicates this condition.
What is respiratory acidosis with partial compensation?
Name one LAMA and one LABA medication.
What are tiotropium (LAMA) and formoterol (LABA)?
A COPD patient on 4L NC with SpO₂ of 98% should have O₂…
What is decreased to closer to baseline (90%)?
These three “cardinal symptoms” guide the diagnosis of COPD.
What are dyspnea, chronic cough, and sputum production?
Up to 1 in 4 COPD patients in the U.S. have never…
What is smoked?
On chest x-ray, this finding confirmed a secondary complication along with COPD.
What is consolidation consistent with pneumonia?
This triple-combo inhaler includes LABA + LAMA + ICS.
What is Trelegy Ellipta (or Breztri)?
Two benefits of long-term oxygen therapy.
What are improved sleep, exercise tolerance, or mental capacity?
Name one early and one advanced physical exam finding in COPD.
What is prolonged expiration (early) and tripod position or pursed-lip breathing (advanced)?
Besides smoking, name two other risk factors for COPD.
What are occupational/environmental exposures or genetic predisposition?
Which lab value suggests infection in COPD exacerbation?
What is elevated WBC count?
This IV drug may be used for severe exacerbations unresponsive to inhalers.
What is magnesium sulfate?
Pursed-lip breathing involves doing this with the exhalation phase.
What is making exhalation three times as long as inhalation?