Pathophysiology COPD
Complications of COPD
Treatment of COPD
Diagnosing COPD
Radiology-eesha
100
This is the primary mechanism responsible for airflow limitation in COPD.
Small airway inflammation and alveolar wall destruction (emphysema)
100
This is the most common cause of acute worsening in COPD symptoms.
Respiratory infections
100
Albuterol belongs to this drug class and provides quick relief of COPD symptoms.
Beta-2 agonist
100
This spirometry test confirms the diagnosis of COPD by showing an FEV₁/FVC ratio less than this value.
70%
100
Normal or abnormal?
Normal.
200
This term describes the trapping of air in the lungs due to loss of elastic recoil and narrowed airways during expiration.
Air trapping or dynamic hyperinflation
200
Long-standing COPD can lead to this form of right-sided heart failure.
Cor pulmonale
200
This long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator, taken once daily, helps maintain open airways in COPD.
Tiotropium
200
In COPD, lung volume testing typically reveals this increase in total lung capacity due to air trapping called:
Hyperinflation
200
What do you think the arrows are pointing to?
Pneumonia
300
This immune cell plays a central role in chronic inflammation seen in COPD.
What are neutrophils
300
Due to air trapping and hyperinflation, COPD patients are at increased risk of this complication if alveoli rupture.
Spontaneous pneumothorax
300
Salmeterol in the salmeterol-fluticasone combo belongs to this drug class.
Beta-2 agonist
300
This lung volume is often elevated in COPD and reflects the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation.
Residual volume.
300
Council Rocco to stop smoking.
Strong work.
400
Chronic hypoxia from COPD can lead to this vascular complication, increasing the risk of right heart failure.
Pulmonary hypertension
400
This chronic complication of COPD leads to low oxygen levels, increased red blood cell production, and hyperviscosity.
Secondary polycythemia
400
Fluticasone in the salmeterol-fluticasone combination helps reduce COPD exacerbations by acting through this mechanism.
Anti-inflammatory action via corticosteroid (glucocorticoid) effects
400
On arterial blood gas, this acid-base disturbance may be seen in advanced COPD due to chronic CO₂ retention.
Compensated (or chronic) respiratory acidosis
400
What do you think is going on?
Pneumothorax
500
This condition, often coexisting with chronic bronchitis in COPD, is defined by permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of their walls.
Emphysema
500
COPD increases the risk of this skeletal complication due to chronic inflammation, steroid use, and inactivity.
Osteoporosis.
500
This is the major adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroids like fluticasone in COPD management.
Increased risk of pneumonia
500
This measurement from spirometry reflects the volume of air exhaled in the first second and is used to grade the severity of COPD.
FEV₁ (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)
500
What respiratory disease do you think this diva has?
COPD