How does training affect performance?
How can psychology affect performance?
How can nutrition and recovery strategies affect performance?
How does the acquisition of skill affect performance?
Assessment of skill and performance.
100
To increase the blood and oxygen supply to the muscles before a game, team members need to:
Warm-up
100
An International athlete lines up at the start of an Olympic race with the eyes of the world looking on. Name 3 psychological preparations necessary to withstand the pressure.
Mental toughness Goal setting Mental rehearsal Visualisation/visual imagery Positive self thoughts
100
What is the technique used by some endurance athletes where they consume a large amount of carbohydrates leading up to an event to increase glycogen stores?
Carbohydrate loading
100
List the 3 stages of skill acquisition in the correct order.
Cognitive Associative Autonomous
100
What is kinaesthetic sense?
A 'feeling' of how movement occurs and a consciousness of how well the skill was performed.
200
A high-jumper concentrating on a weights program to develop leg power is utilising the training principle of?
Specificity
200
Name 3 physiological effects anxiety can have on an athlete's body before performance.
Increased heart rate Muscle tension Shallow breathing/ rapid breathing Sleep problems Digestive disorders Fatigue Sweating
200
What are the 3 most common sources of fuel for an athlete?
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins
200
List the 5 characteristics of the learner that influence the acquisition of skills.
Ability Heredity Confidence Prior experience Personality
200
Skilled performers can react, move and respond quickly to stimuli. Define: reaction time, movement time and response time using a baseball batter as your example.
Reaction time: time between the ball being pitched and the batters first movement. Movement time: time between the first movement occurring and the movement being completed. Response time: the total time taken to react and complete the skill.
300
An athlete following a rehabilitation program after injury might achieve the greatest benefit from strength training using (isotonic/eccentric/isokinetic) training?
Isokinetic
300
What factors need consideration for achieving an optimal level of arousal in performance?
The nature of the sport (easy tasks need higher levels of arousal) Positional play (different positions need different levels) Skill level of players (beginners need lower levels of arousal) Individual differenced (arousal levels differ for all athletes)
300
What types of supplements do not improve performance, provide energy or restock glycogen?
Vitamins
300
Explain how one of the characteristics of the learner could influence the acquisition of skills.
Personality:Learners whose personality reflects positive ways of behaving are more receptive to instruction and advice. Heredity:The relative percentage of fast-twitch to slow-twitch muscle fibres, Somatotype, Gender, Height, conceptual ability. Confidence:Confident learners approach skill learning situations with feelings of being able to rise to the challenge and that the outcome will be favourable regardless of difficulty. Prior experience: It is often easier to learn a new skill if similar movements have already been successfully acquired. Ability: Ability is seen in the way in which an individual is able to learn, process and implement new skills.
300
What is the difference between objective and subjective measurement?
Objective: judges reach the same conclusion, no disagreement as specific devices are used to time, record, measure etc. Less bias. Subjective: personal. Based on the opinions and impressions rather than objective measurements. More likely to be bias.
400
The most vigorous exercise at which the accumulation of lactic acid does not exceed lactic acid removal is termed....
Anaerobic threshold
400
Explain the effects of adrenalin on the body before performance.
Prepares the body to 'fight' Physiological arousal Feeling of nervousness Alertness increases Body is ready for action
400
What are the 4 types of recovery strategies?
Physiological Neural Tissue damage Psychological
400
What is the difference between: discrete, serial and continuous skills?
Discrete: have a definite beginning and end point e.g. throwing a ball, javelin or shooting a goal in netball. Serial: are a series of discrete skills put together which must be performed in the correct order for the skill to be learned e.g. a gymnastics floor routine, driving a manual car. Continuous: have a beginning and an end that are decided by the performer and not the skill itself e.g. swimming and running in general.
400
What do the terms 'validity' and 'reliability' mean when testing?
Validity: the test successfully measures what it is designed to measure. Reliability: testing is consistent and precise so similar results are obtained when the test is next given.
500
A student runs the 400m in 60 seconds (95% intensity). *The predominant energy system is: aerobic/anaerobic. * Phosphates/glycogen/fats is/are used. * The ATP supply is: limited/unlimited.
Anaerobic Glycogen Limited
500
What is the difference between: a) positive and negative motivation b) intrinsic and extrinsic motivation c) trait and state anxiety
a) Positive: performers are treated with respect, receive praise, encouragement, recognition and rewards for effort Negative: results occur through fear of failure, negative feedback on poor performance b) Intrinsic: motivation is from within the individual Extrinsic: motivation is from someone/something other than the individual. c) Trait: personal and physical traits shown by an individual feeling apprehension or tension State: describes reactions to a particular event and might occur before a major event or competition.
500
Name and describe the strategy used to treat "tissue damage".
Cryotherapy: use of cold treatment for tissue injuries e.g ice packs, ice baths, ice massage and cold gels and sprays.
500
Explain the different types of practice methods: a) Massed b) Distributed c) Whole d) Part
Massed: skill is practiced continuously without interval or rest e.g. golf drives, tennis serves, goal keeping. Distributed: practice is spaced over a longer period with breaks and variety e.g. learning to swim or ski. Whole: the complete skill is practiced each time e.g. tennis serve, golf drive. Part: skill is broken down into sub-skills and practiced separately to improve the skill.
500
What is the difference between 'personal' and 'prescribed' judging criteria?
Personal: based on the judges impressions, opinions or feelings about the performance. Prescribed: makes a personal observation more credible by using methods such as rating scales, checklists and evaluation sheets.
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