General
What is almost always the source of energy for the reactions that take place within the body?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Name the two anaerobic energy systems.
ATP/PC (alactcid system)
Lactic acid system
Which is more effective, positive or negative motivation? Briefly explain why.
Positive motivation is more effective. Challenges are motivating whereas threats are negative and destructive i the long term. Threats distract the athlete from the task, because the athlete is confronted with the consequences of failing and ultimately they are operating out of a fear of punishment.
What is the primary role of carbohydrates?
Provide energy 16kj/gm. Stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver. Used as the primary energy source for training and competition.
What is a fundamental requirement of the cognitive stage?
To gain an understanding of the task. Conceptualisation or the generation of a clear mental picture of the task. This is why demonstrations are vital.
How long do work efforts in short anaerobic interval training last for?
Less than 25 seconds
Describe the cause of fatigue in the lactic acid system.
Lactic acid accumulation - causing a change in the pH level within the muscle.
name 4 sources of in extrinsic motivation.
Prize moneytrophies and prizes
Sponsorship deals
Praise from coach
Accolades from spectators/ team mates/ coaches
Crowd applause
Media recognition.
Outline the 2 classifications of vitamins,
Fat soluble - vitamins A,D,E & K - they are absorbed in the digestive tract and bind to lipids.
Water soluble - vitamins B & C - they are absorbed i the digestive tract with water.
At which stage of skill acquisition is a focus on strategies, external cues and high order activities encouraged?
The autonomous stage as the skill is mastered and attention no longer needs to be paid to how to complete the skill.
Name 5 sources of intrinsic motivation.
Self-satisfaction
Sensory pleasure and excitement
Fun and engagement
Mastery of skills acquisition
Ability to surpass personal best
Outline 4 types of aerobic training methods.
Continuous - minimum 20 minutes within the Aerobic TZ
Fartlek training - varying the speed/intensity/terrain within the Aerboc TZ with peaks in the Anaerobic TZ.
Interval training - alternating periods of work (within Aerobic TZ) and rest/recovery.
Circuit training - progressing though various stations (longer time frames at each station)
Explain 2 different theories of arousal.
Drive theory - direct linear relationship
Inverted U Hypothesis - U shaped, moderate arousal is optimal
Zone of individual functioning - different optimal zones for different athletes
Catastrophe theory - somatic inverted u - cognitive rapid decline
Reversal theory - interpretation of arousal as positive.
What group of people are most at risk of developing anemia?
Iron deficiencies are common among - endurance athletes as a result of sweat loss, female athletes as a result of menstrual blood loss, vegetarians as a result of red meat in the diet, adolescent males as a result of growth spurts.
What are the 5 heredity elements that are important for skill acquistion?
Percentage of muscle twitch fibers, somatotypes, gender, height and conceptual ability.
Compare trait anxiety and state anxiety.
Trait anxiety refers to ta general level of stress that is characterised in each individual.
State anxiety is more specific. this type of anxiety is characterised by a state of heightened emotions that develop in response to a fear or danger.
Describe the principle of specificity.
The specificity principle implies that the effect of a training program are specifically related to the manner in which the training is conducted. Task requirements, energy systems required, muscle groups required and fitness components required must be specifically targeted in training.
Explain the concept of attention as a psychological strategy.
The process whereby and individual uses their senses to perceive what is going on around them. Attention involves taking control of the mind and focusing on what is relevant and important while ignoring distractions. It is the selective focus on some things and not others. It is shiftable and can change both voluntarily and in voluntarily. It is also divisible.
Physiological recovery strategies focus on what two key elements?
Physiological strategies (cool downs, hydration and food) need to focus on 2 elements:
1) the removal of metabolic by-products - heat, lactic acid etc
2) replacement of lost fluids and fuel via nutritional plan
Explain the difference between open and closed skills - provide examples of each.
Open skills occur in an environment that is unpredictable and frequently changing - eg tacking in football, surfing, catching in netball.
Closed skills occur in an environment that is stable and predictable eg ten pin bowling, darts, vaulting in gymnastics
Name 4 possible problems associated with lack of adequate recovery for athletes.
Incapable of performing at expected standard
Prone to re-injury of the affected area
Predisposition to injuring another part of the body
Susceptible to overtraining or non-functional overreaching.
Explain the physiological adaptation to resting heart rate as a result of aerobic training.
Training decreases the resting heart rate. Due to the increase in stoke volume - which allows more blood to be pumped with each beat. Therefore the heart requires fewer beats per minute to deliver that same amount of oxygen to the body. Increased venous return also contributes, thus improving the systolic volume - Starlings Law.
Describe the benefits of mental rehearsal.
It allows the athlete to: practice old skills, learn new skills, gain confidence, feel the experience, experience success, control anxiety and arousal, train their attention, find motivation, concentrate and refocus, train in any weather conditions, prepare for training and competition, develop coping strategies.
A tissue damage recover strategy. It uses cooling to treat injury and quicken recover. Cold baths work by decreasing the body temperature, which constricts blood vessels. Exiting the bath causes the bod to warm and vessels to dilate - this allows fresh, oxygen rich blood to flow into injuries area.
Explain the importance of a game sense approach in skill acquistion.
The game-centered approach aims to focus on the whole game, rather than on a sequence of basic skills rehearsed separately. The emphasis is on integrating thinking and learning rather than on skill development in isolation. It allows for strategic and tactical development and decisions making along side skill development.