Biological Effects of Radiation
Large ____ whole-body exposures in man may result in one of three radiation syndromes.
Acute
When the attractive forces of molecules are not strong enough to hold a definite shape, but the molecules are very close together, matter will exist in this state.
Liquid
This is the property of certain nuclides to spontaneously emit radiation
Radioactivity
The time required for the activity present to be reduced to one-half is called this
Half-life
Natural sources of exposure are often referred to as this.
Background radiation
The first set of stages in any radiation syndrome, consisting of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (NVD) is collectively called this stage
Prodromal
The number of electrons in this shell determine the behavior or properties of the atom
Valence
This is the process by which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates by one or more discrete energy steps until a stable state is reached.
Radioactive Decay
A nuclide that has an excess number of neutrons (i.e., the neutron:proton ration is high) will usually decay by this type of charged particle emission.
Beta
Internal emitters, or radioactivity in the human body (via food ingestion), is reported as __ mrem per year.
31
This difficult to pronounce system syndrome is produced by acute whole-body doses of 200 to 1000 rads.
Hematopoietic
Invented in 1945, the microwave uses electromagnetic energy to stimulate molecules inside of food producing heat and thereby cooking the food from the inside out. This molecule stimulation uses what kind of energy to cook the food?
Thermal
Of the three kinds of radioactive emissions, only this one is a ray.
Gamma
Consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, with a mass of 4 amu and an electric charge of +2, this type of particle is emitted when relatively heavy radioactive nuclides decay.
Alpha
Inhaled radionuclides such as Radon and Radon decay products contribute to this amount per year.
230 mrem
In the 90's TV show "Tales from the Crypt", the narrator was a reaper-like character called The Crypt Keeper. Which radiation syndrome, caused by acute exposures of 1000-5000 rads, leads to the reproductive death of the crypt cells?
Gastrointestinal
The digestion of food by our bodies to produce calories is an example of which kind of energy?
Chemical
The basic difference between Gamma rays and X-rays is their ______
Origin
Most naturally occurring radionuclides yield radioactive daughters and decay using one of these three series: Uranium series, Actinium series, and _____ series
Thorium
In both the 1987 and 2009 ICRP reports, what is the most prevalent type of exposure to ionizing radiation to the general population?
Natural Background
This system syndrome is produced by acute whole-body doses above 5,000 rads resulting in respiratory failure and brain edema.
Central Nervous System
On the periodic table, The Halogens--column 17, is categorized as a ___, because the elements that make up this column behave chemically similar, meaning they have similar chemical properties.
Goup or Family
Fission products are unstable because they have too large a proportion of neutrons to _____
Protons
Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that behave as small bundles or packets of energy called _____
Photons
How much ionizing radiation is contributed from Nuclear Facility environmental releases per year?
<1 mrem