Where and How
This term means physical confinement in a jail or prison.
What is incarceration?
Whipping is an example of this punishment, which inflicts physical pain.
What is corporal punishment?
This thinker opposed torture and argued that punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
This prison system emphasized separate confinement and separate work.
What is the Pennsylvania system?
This purpose of corrections emphasizes deserved, proportionate punishment.
What is retribution?
This facility typically holds people awaiting trial or serving shorter sentences.
What is a jail?
Execution is this type of punishment.
What is capital punishment?
This reformer drew attention to poor sanitation, disease, and unhealthy prison conditions.
Who is John Howard?
This system combined group work in silence during the day with separate cells at night.
What is the Auburn system?
Confinement restricts opportunities to offend in the community, illustrating this purpose.
What is incapacitation?
This court-ordered community supervision often serves as an alternative to incarceration.
What is probation?
This payment compensated victims or their families and helped reduce blood feuds.
What is wergild?
This intellectual movement encouraged reason, clearer laws, and opposition to arbitrary cruelty.
What is the Enlightenment?
Under this arrangement, private employers paid to use incarcerated people as laborers.
What is convict leasing?
Education, job training, and treatment address needs linked to offending through this purpose.
What is rehabilitation?
This conditional release begins after someone has served part of a prison sentence.
What is parole?
This historical punishment sent convicted people to distant colonies, frequently for compulsory labor.
What is transportation?
This prison design used a central inspection point so prisoners could believe they were being watched at any time.
What is the Panopticon?
These groups performed guarded outdoor labor while physically chained together.
What are chain gangs?
Punishing one person to discourage others in the wider public illustrates this type of deterrence.
What is general deterrence?
This structured transitional residence helps people move from incarceration back into the community.
What is a halfway house?
Before modern penitentiaries, people were often confined while awaiting trial or this next step, such as whipping or execution.
What is punishment?
This model of corrections emphasized diagnosing and treating the problems associated with offending.
What is the medical model?
Opened in 1876, this reformatory emphasized education, classification, discipline, and reform.
What is Elmira Reformatory?
Repairing harm to victims and communities emphasizes this correctional goal.
What is restoration?