European Background
This was used historically for confinement long before prison became a major criminal punishment.
hat is institutional confinement?
This Italian reformer wrote On Crimes and Punishments in 1764.
Answer: Who is Cesare Beccaria?
This prison design was a walled prison with large cell blocks and tiers of one- or two-man cells.
What is the big house?
From 1925 until about this year, the incarceration rate remained fairly steady.
What is 1972?
Congress passed this act in 1891, creating the first federal prisons.
What is the Three Prisons Act?
This type of institution, such as the London Bridewell, helped shape the modern U.S. prison.
What is a workhouse?
According to Beccaria, punishment should be certain and this.
What is swift?
The big house often exploited inmates through this connection.
What are links to the free market or inmate labor tied to the free market?
From 1972 until this year, the incarceration rate rose every year.
What is 2008?
These were the first three federal prison locations established under that act.
What are Leavenworth, Atlanta, and McNeil Island?
One of the first workhouses opened in London during this decade.
What is the 1550s?
Beccaria argued that the punishment should fit the crime; this means the punishment’s severity should match this.
What is the severity of the harm caused by the crime?
This theory of corrections, popular in the 1940s and 1950s, viewed crime as a symptom of personal illness.
What is the medical model?
In this year, the incarceration rate decreased for the first time since the early 1970s.
What is 2009?
This federal agency was created in 1930 and became a source of innovation and professionalization.
What is the Bureau of Prisons (BOP)?
In Europe, confinement did not become a major punishment for criminals until this century.
What is the 1600s?
This reformer wrote The State of the Prisons in 1777 and pushed for prison reform.
Who is John Howard?
During the 1960s and 1970s, the fairness and effectiveness of this prison approach came under challenge.
What is coerced prison rehabilitation programming?
The incarceration rate decreased each year from 2009 through this year.
What is 2017?
This type of facility assesses newly sentenced offenders’ security risks and needs before permanent placement.
What is a classification facility?
Before large-scale confinement, Europe commonly relied on these kinds of punishments instead of imprisonment.
What are other physical or public punishments for offenders?
This reformer is associated with correctional reform initiatives during the 1700s and 1800s along with Beccaria and Howard.
Who is Jeremy Bentham?
As treatment-program control mechanisms faded or became illegal, this type of prison emerged.
What is the contemporary violent prison?
This phrase is used in the chapter to describe the dramatic rise in imprisonment in the United States.
What is the incarceration boom?
These are the three simplest security level categories for men’s prisons.
What are maximum, medium, and minimum?