Methods
This type of operant reinforcement schedule was used in self-administration sessions where each lever press led to one drug infusion.
What is a Fixed-Ratio 1 (FR1) schedule?
This GR antagonist was administered both chronically and acutely to reduce addiction-like behaviors.
What is mifepristone?
Chronic mifepristone treatment reduced heroin self-administration under this access condition.
What is long-access (LgA)?
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are encoded by this gene.
What is NR3C1?
This type of animal model was used to demonstrate evolutionary conservation of GR function in addiction.
What is zebrafish?
The researchers used this animal model to measure electrophysiological properties of CRF neurons in the amygdala.
What are CRH-Cre rats?
This opioid was self-administered by both rats and zebrafish in different experiments.
What is heroin (rats) and hydrocodone (zebrafish)?
Acute mifepristone treatment had no effect in this group of rats.
What are short-access (ShA) rats?
This coregulator isoform facilitates GR-mediated transcription of CRF.
What is SRC-1e?
The emotional distress state caused by opioid withdrawal is referred to by this term.
What is hyperkatifeia?
This viral vector was injected to label CRF+ neurons in the CeA with fluorescence.
What is AAV1-CAG-FLEX-eGFP?
To induce withdrawal-like states, researchers used this opioid antagonist.
What is naloxone?
The firing of CRF+ neurons in the CeA was significantly reduced by this treatment.
What is chronic mifepristone administration?
This coregulator isoform inhibits GR-mediated transcription of CRF.
What is SRC-1a?
This stress-related neuropeptide was a focus of CeA neuronal activity measurements.
What is corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)?
This antisense technique was used to shift SRC-1 splicing from the SRC-1e to the SRC-1a isoform.
What is antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy?
The GR phosphorylation site analyzed in Western blot experiments was this specific serine residue.
What is Ser211 (or Ser232 in some species)?
ASO-induced expression of this isoform reduced heroin self-administration in dependent rats.
What is SRC-1a?
This brain region, a hub for emotional processing, showed increased GR activity in dependent rats.
What is the central amygdala (CeA)?
Mifepristone also blocks this type of receptor, raising the need for more selective GR antagonists.
What are progesterone receptors?
Gene expression analysis in human CeA samples was performed using this technique, followed by GSEA.
What is RNA sequencing?
This equipment was used to perform whole-cell current-clamp recordings in brain slices.
What is a MultiClamp 700B amplifier with pClamp software?
In humans with OUD, GR pathway activation was associated with gene signatures related to these two key processes.
What are inflammation and neurodegeneration?
Increased GR activity in the CeA during withdrawal is marked by increased levels of this protein modification.
What is GR phosphorylation at Ser211/Ser232?
This gene set analysis method was used to interpret transcriptomic changes in OUD patients.
What is Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)?