SKIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS
Which sentence best describes the difference between an open comedo and a closed comedo?
An open comedo is a blackhead in which the sebum has been exposed to the environment, whereas a closed comedo is a whitehead in which the sebum has not been exposed to the environment.
All of the following are examples of disorders of the sudoriferous glands EXCEPT __________.
acne vulgaris
Which type of skin cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 66 percent once the cancer reaches local lymph nodes?
malignant melanoma
A cosmetologist is performing a foot massage during a pedicure service. On which muscles will the cosmetologist be directing pressure?
the flexor digitorum brevis and the flexor digiti minimi
Which of the following is part of the lymphatic system?
thymus gland
A collection of similar cells that perform a function is called a(n) _____.
tissue
The medical branch of science that deals with the study of the skin, its functions, and diseases is _____.
dermatology
Between 80 and 85 percent of skin aging is caused by _____.
sun exposure
The following are all treatments for mild forms of acne EXCEPT ________.
harsh facial cleansers that remove the buildup of sebum
The following are all changes that occur over time in existing moles and could be indications that the mole is cancerous EXCEPT __________.
Large, dark hairs grow out of the mole.
A cosmetologist is performing a hand massage during a manicure service. Which scenario describes a correct approach?
When massaging the opponens, pressure is directed from the muscle’s insertion to the origin.
Which type of nerve fibers carry impulses from the brain to the muscles?
motor
How is anatomy different from physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body, whereas physiology is the study of the activities of those structures.
What standard should be used to determine when to treat a skin condition?
When in doubt, refer the client to a healthcare provider.
_____ helps protect sensitive cells from UV rays.
Melanin
All the following are examples of secondary lesions EXCEPT _________.
macules
Which type of skin cancer is characterized by scaly red or pink papules or nodules?
squamous cell carcinoma
The part of the skeletal system that connects the sternum and the scapula is the ______.
clavicle
The main arteries that supply blood to the head, neck, and face are the _____.
common carotid arteries
Which type of tissue binds and supports other body tissue?
connective tissue
All of the following are reasons cosmetologists should understand skin structure and growth EXCEPT:
Diagnosing and providing treatment for abnormal skin conditions, illnesses, or diseases requires knowledge of skin structure and growth.
Water loss through perspiration is an example of which function of the skin?
excretion
_____ is a common bacterial infection of the eye.
Conjunctivitis
What characteristics can help identify a malignant melanoma?
black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture
The bone that is the larger of two leg bones below the knee and that supports most of the body’s weight is the ______.
tibia
Identify a function of the lymphatic system.
Defend the body against toxins and bacteria, and remove by-products of infection, such as pus and dead tissue.
What muscle action is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and controls body functions such as breathing and digestion?
involuntary muscles
A _____ is a small brown or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin.
skin tag
What gives the body smoothness and contour while providing a protective cushion for the skin?
subcutaneous tissue
How is nevus like vitiligo?
Nevus and vitiligo are both skin pigment disorders.
Which sentence best describes the difference in the functions of pheomelanin and eumelanin in the skin?
A person with predominantly pheomelanin tends to have rosy skin, whereas a person with predominantly eumelanin tends to have cooler skin tones.
Which of these sets of bones is found in the arms and hands?
phalanges, metacarpus, and radius
The division of the nervous system that controls voluntary muscle actions is the ______.
central nervous system
Why should cosmetologists have an understanding of anatomy and physiology?
Common cosmetology procedures can rely on an understanding of human anatomy.
What type of skin inflammation is caused by contact with certain ingredients or chemicals?
contact dermatitis
Which sentence best defines melanin?
These tiny grains of pigment are produced by melanocytes in the stratum germinativum.
A small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid, but may develop pus is a _____.
papule
The melanin produced by the body that is red to yellow in color is _____.
pheomelanin
Which part of the skeletal system has the function of protecting the brain?
cranium
Each of the following is a blood vessel EXCEPT _____.
pulmonaries
All of the following are reasons cosmetologists should understand the skin’s structure and common skin problems EXCEPT __________.
Recommending medications to treat skin conditions requires an understanding of common skin disorders.
A cosmetologist is designing a new eye makeup style for a client. Which bones will affect the appearance of the eye makeup that is applied?
the zygomatic bones and the lacrimal bones
What is a fibrous protein that is the principal component of hair and nails?
keratin
Which skin pigmentation disorder is a genetic condition in which there is an absence of melanin pigment in the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes?
albinism
Which skin hypertrophy is characterized by red patches covered with silver-white scales?
psoriasis
What are the seven bones in the ankle area collectively called?
the tarsals
Which nerve fibers in the skin stimulate muscles?
motor nerve fibers
The basic units of all living things are _____.
cells
Lately, a client has noticed body sweat much more than typical in the past. Which situation could explain this increased perspiration?
The client is taking a new prescription drug.
The word integument means _____.
natural covering
How is an ulcer an example of a secondary lesion?
An ulcer is an open lesion that may weep fluid or pus.
Which example is an intrinsic factor that influences skin aging?
repetitive facial expressions
The levator palpebrae superioris and the levator anguli oris are muscles of the ______.
face, nose, and mouth
Which description best defines a motor nerve?
Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands.
Water is the number one nutrient of the body and composes what percentage of the body’s skin?
50 to 70 percent
All of the following can affect the amount of time that a sunscreen offers protection to the skin EXCEPT ________.
overuse of alcoholic beverages
Oil glands that are connected to hair follicles are also called _____.
sebaceous glands
All of the following are recommended to help cosmetologists prevent contact dermatitis EXCEPT:
Sensitize the skin to the irritant by exposing it to larger and larger amounts.
Wanda’s skin has recently been experiencing a significant amount of new wrinkles. What could explain these new wrinkles?
Wanda has recently been working at an outdoor job that requires frequent exposure to very cold temperatures, which weakens collagen fibers.
Which muscle causes wrinkles across the forehead?
frontalis
The glandlike structures in the immune system that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells are called ________.
lymph nodes
What is the function of the cervical vertebrae?
to give support and structure to the neck
Identify the body system that controls the movement of blood throughout the body.
circulatory system
Which body system is comprised of the skin and its accessory organs?
integumentary system
What is the name given to the chronic skin disease characterized by moderate to severe inflammation, scaling, and sometimes severe itching?
eczema
All of the following are examples of extrinsic factors that influence skin aging EXCEPT ______.
c. gravity
The muscles that turn the hand inward so the palm faces downward are the _____.
pronators
Which statement best describes the relationship between organs and body systems?
An organ is a group of tissues that performs a specific function, whereas a body system is a group of organs that works together to perform functions.
The inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached at the wrist and located on the side of the little finger, is the _____.
ulna
What best defines rosacea?
a chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing that can progress to pustular-type breakouts
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
to secrete oil to lubricate the skin
_____ are keratin-filled cysts that are usually associated with newborns and are commonly found around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead.
Milia
What is the function of elastin?
It gives the skin flexibility and elasticity.
How are opponens muscles similar to abductor hallucis muscles?
The opponens and the abductor hallucis move the thumb and the big toe in relation to the other digits.
How do veins function in the circulatory system?
Veins transport oxygen-poor blood and waste products.
Which part of a cell controls the growth and reproduction of the cell?
nucleus
A cosmetologist is discussing possible treatments for dry scalp with a client. In order to make informed decisions about scalp treatments, which body system should the cosmetologist understand?
integumentary system
What is the underlying or inner layer of the skin?
dermis
What is impetigo?
a contagious bacterial skin infection usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and characterized by weeping lesions
A broad-spectrum sunscreen is one that _________.
has been shown to protect against UVA and UVB radiation from the sun
Which muscles do people use when they straighten their wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line?
extensors
Which scenario is an example of a situation in which a cosmetologist should understand the endocrine system?
A pregnant woman shows signs of a skin condition that is related to increased levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
All of the following are skin functions EXCEPT ________.
add necessary body weight to maintain good health
Which description best matches a keratoma?
a superficial, thickened patch of epidermis
Which two structures give the skin strength, form, and flexibility?
collagen and elastin
Which sentence best describes visible differences in lesions that can be used to classify the lesion as either a primary or a secondary lesion?
Primary lesions are a different color than the surrounding skin, whereas secondary lesions have an accumulation of material on the skin surface.
The fibrous protein that gives skin its flexibility and helps skin regain its shape after being expanded is _____.
elastin
The middle part of the muscle is called the ______.
belly
After an initial consultation with a new, middle-aged client, a cosmetologist learns that the client has noticed that thinning hair has been improving. When asked if there is anything different in the client’s routine, the client indicates recently starting estrogen hormone replacement therapy. In order to understand whether these two situations may be connected, which body system should the cosmetologist be knowledgeable about?
endocrine system
What is the function of the integumentary system?
The integumentary system provides protective covering and regulates body temperature.
Structures composed of specialized tissues that perform specific functions are called _____.
organs
Which example illustrates the skin’s heat regulation function?
Sudoriferous glands excrete perspiration.
Which skin pigmentation change is a hormonal disorder that appears during pregnancy or with the use of birth control pills?
melasma
What is one way that sun exposure negatively affects the skin?
The natural weakening of collagen and elastin fibers happens at a much faster rate.
Distinguish between the soleus and the tibialis anterior.
The soleus bends the foot down, and the tibialis anterior bends the foot up.
Select the body system that includes the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
endocrine system
What happens during mitosis?
A cell reproduces by dividing into two identical cells.
The layer of skin that is seen and treated by the cosmetologist is the _____.
stratum corneum
Which of the following best describes a function of the integumentary system?
Protect the body against outside elements, such as germs, chemicals, and exposure to the sun.
A client has an appointment for a facial and asks whether to reschedule. There is a new lesion on the nostril in the same place where there previously was a lesion that lasted for 3 weeks. What is a likely explanation for this lesion?
It is a viral infection of herpes simplex 1, which often presents as a recurring vesicle on the lips, nostrils, or other part of the face.