Important People
This person purchased a mass amount of land causing the need for slavery to rise tremendously in the early 1800s. Though publicly they argued against slavery for the nation they themselves owned over 600 people of color as slaves.
Thomas Jefferson
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He was actually the president to have owned the most slaves. While much came to drag down his reputation over the years during his term, the case that many speculated that he fathered some of his own slaves (said to be listed in Monticello records) that alone angered people in itself.
John Kay made this in 1733 in light of the rapidly growing Textile Industry in the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. It made weaving cloth much faster and allowed a single weaver to handle a loom that previously would have required many weavers to do so.
(The) Flying Shuttle
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Kay's invention was one of the first stepping stones to the revolutionary ideas people had for the textile industry allowing factories to expand and produce faster.
Europeans grew a preference for cotton clothing as compared to wool or linen clothing. Previously they had only been receiving the crop from one country, unable to keep up with the high demand, leading to a low supply and a need for a new source; America.
What country was Europe relying too heavily on before?
Europeans were getting cotton from India, previously.
Though the regulations varied by state, most slaves were treated poorly. In what ways would a slave be reprimanded for? What is the consequence for said reasons?
Slaves faced severe consequences for various infractions, such as not meeting work speed, arriving late to the fields, resisting authority, attempting to flee, and other offenses. The forms of punishment were diverse, encompassing whippings, torture, mutilation, imprisonment, and the threat of being sold away from their plantation (often times leading to the disruption of familial bonds).
Which were worth more - male or female slaves?
Although young adult men had the highest expected levels of output, young adult women had value over and above their ability to work in the fields; they were able to have children who by law were also enslaved by the owner of the mother. Therefore, the average price of enslaved females was higher than their male counterparts up to puberty age.
which female african american activist and former slave helped slaves escape to free states through the underground railroad?
Harriet Tubman
James Hargreaves was the first of the three major men to have created spinning mechanisms for cotton. Made in 1764, his invention led to Richard Arkwright's design in '69, and even later Samuel Crompton's combination of the two in '79.
(What's the invention being discussed here?)
(The) Spinning Jenny
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8 spindles were placed in rows to be powered by one hand, producing eight separate strands of yarn for the person operating it. Factories flourished further with the improvement and meant the stress for raw cotton and therefore more enslaved people would be needed for the ensured growth and harvest of the crop.
Before cotton, what was one, out of the four, cash crops used to lead this field of industry?
The dominant plantation cash crops were rice, indigo, tobacco, and sugar leading up to the War of 1812. It was afterwards that cotton quickly outstripped every other American export and became a major part of the industry.
Slave culture developed within the confines of their masters' power yet remained distinct from the institutions established by the masters. How had religion contributed to slaves culture?
Slave culture had flourished in the context of religion, serving various roles such as providing explanations, making predictions, exerting control, and fostering community, making a particularly rich domain for the emergence of slave culture. Many slaves were even promised freedom in the acceptance of Christianity.
Did the slaves ever get breaks?
There were very few instances in which enslaved African Americans were released from field work for extended periods of time. Even during the last week before childbirth, pregnant women on average picked three-quarters or more of the amount normal for women.
This man memorized the English inventions that made cotton growing easier and distributed the plans in America, even though he wasn’t allowed to (due to the English trying to make profit in secret).
* 1813 *
Francis Cabot Lowell -
This happened before with Samuel Slater, but Lowell, unlike Slater, distributed it much more in populous regions of the country, leading to the spread of slavery.
He helped lay the groundwork for the new country's economic independence with his idea for an integrated textile mill, and the powerloom, but this meant the growth and gathering of cotton would be increased for production. The need and use of slavery only continued to expand.
Richard Arkwright's design was in motion by 1775, later on being leaked to countries like America to use (**it was Samuel Slater who brought it over here). His invention helped factories machinery spin larger quantities of cotton yarn.
(The) Water Frame
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Machinery in many factories were fed raw cotton, grown and harvested by enslaved people, and relied on the water frame to run it through. It resulted in both the textile industry and cotton manufacturing to grow even larger and become more efficient.
Richly soiled region of the US - known as the “black belt” stretches from Georgia to Louisiana. Area is great for growing cotton. At first the colonies only had control over Georgia, but through numerous wars, gained ownership of the entire region.
What was the effect because of this?
This caused an influx in travel from the preexisting colonies to the new lands, allowing more room for slavery to thrive within the colonies.
The North was more so against Slavery than the South, and though some had investments there, there were states beginning to abolish slavery. Starting in 1777 states like Vermont, Pennsylvania (1780), New Hampshire and Massachusetts (1783), Connecticut and Rhode Island (1784) abolished slave trade. - who were two Northern states to do so in the early 1800s?
New York in 1827, and in Connecticut in 1848.
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Connecticut passed the Gradual Abolition Act in 1784 meaning children born into slavery after March 1 of that year would be freed by the time they turned 25. As a result, slavery in Connecticut was practiced until 1848. New York, too, signed an act to gradually abolish slavery in 1799, ending in 1827.
What percentage of enslaved infants died within their first year of life?
50% of all enslaved infants died in their first year of life. A major contributor to the high infant and child death rate was chronic undernourishment.
______'s Rebellion
In 1800, August 30, a rebellion was lead by a man of color along with 26 others to capture the governor of Virginia, James Monroe, to argue for their rights. The rebellion failed due to leaked information, leading to many of their deaths. However, as a result of the stunt, slave's regulations and repercussions became more strict.
Gabriel Prosser
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This was an invention that was made in 1794, by an American teacher, Eli Whitney. This helped to separate seeds and fiber from cotton.
(The) Cotton Gin
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Although it was made with the intent to lessen the use of slaves it only helped to raise enslaved peoples in the deep South as they were needed for the manual labor to grow and pick the cotton.
During the American Industrial Revolution, the cotton industry transformed due to the introduction of swift English inventions, leading to a need for more workers.
Who did they turn to when they needed more work (other than the black slaves)?
There was a surplus of young women, so the Boston Associates turned to them. They became a staple in New England’s cotton economy and worked many hard, long hours in harsh conditions.
As demand for cheap labour to work on plantations in the Americas grew, people enslaved in West Africa became the most valuable 'commodity' for Southern slave owners. But the question is, what caused the rapid spread of slavery in the deep South in the 1800s (aside from what has already been stated)?
President Thomas Jefferson's Louisiana purchase was ultimately what set off the need for more slaves in the early 1800s. With the rise of land cultivation, and particularly the boom in the production of tobacco (in Virginia and Maryland) and rice (in the Carolinas), came the "need" for slaves to go through the mass production needed for American exports.
How did Congress’ outlaw of the African slave trade impact the spread of slavery?
Though Congress outlawed the African slave trade in 1808, domestic slave trade flourished, and the enslaved population in the US nearly tripled over the next fifty years.
"The Prophet" -
August 21 - a man of color led followers of his to fight white southern slaveholders through violent acts. It initially had started with a vision (presumably from God) in 1825 later to be acted upon in 1831. Around 55 people died from the revolt and many houses were burned.
Nat Turner
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Taking place in Southampton County in Virginia, having had killed their master and his family, along with the destruction made, many slaveholders ended making more legislations to prohibit the education, movement, and assembly of slaves to keep from mass revolts like this.
This invention was made in 1776 within Britain, but only later found its way into America. Created by James Watts's, his creation helped to make machinery and vehicles alike cheaper to mass produce.
The Steam Engine
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Steam locomotives, steamboats, and factories all ran on this engine. This meant commerce went up and the economy was on the rise. Steamboats allowed for trade, as well as passenger travel, resulting in cities having the ability to import and export goods further distances than before.
What are the large agricultural estates that rely on the use of resident labor called?
Plantations
The institution of slavery played a significant role in shaping both the adoption and certain aspects of the language found within our Constitution. It also impacted our foreign policy, occasionally leading to decisions that contradicted our national interests. Most critically, slavery gave rise to systemic racism.
Even after slavery racism remained strong within not just the south, but nationwide. Why was that?
In violent, but desperate, acts of freedom, many slaves had burned homes and killed people in order to convince their masters to free them and give them their rights. After the end of slavery in the mid 1800s (1865) people still feared this from colored peoples and even then saw themselves as separate, higher beginnings compared to these former slaves.
Cotton made up what percent of American exports during the first half of the 19th century?
Cotton accounted for over 50%.