cases
Students do not have a First Amendment right to make obscene speeches in school.
Bethel School District #43 v. Fraser
Indigent defendants must be provided representation without charge.
Gideon v. Wainwright
Illegally obtained material cannot be used in a criminal trial.
Mapp v. Ohio
In order to prove libel, a public official must show that what was said against them was made with actual malice.
New York Times v. Sullivan
Even offensive speech such as flag burning is protected by the First Amendment.
Texas v. Johnson
Separate schools are not equal.
Brown v. Board of Education
Colleges and universities have a legitimate interest in promoting diversity.
Grutter v. Bollinger
The Constitution gives the federal government certain implied powers.
McCulloch v. Maryland
It is cruel and unusual punishment to execute persons for crimes they committed before age 18.
Roper v. Simmons
The President is not above the law.
U.S. v. Nixon
School initiated-prayer in the public school system violates the First Amendment.
Engel v. Vitale
Struck down state laws banning interracial marriage in the United States.
Loving v. Virginia
Students have a reduced expectation of privacy in school.
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
Stop and frisks do not violate the Constitution under certain circumstances.
Terry v. Ohio
Certain school voucher programs are constitutional.
Zelma v. Simmons-Harris
States cannot nullify decisions of the federal courts.
Cooper v. Aaron
Administrators may edit the content of school newspapers.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning.
Miranda v. Arizona
Students may not use a school's loudspeaker system to offer student-led, student-initiated prayer.
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
Random drug tests of student athletes is not an unreasonable search and seizure.
Vernonia School District v. Acton
Random drug tests of students involved in extracurricular activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment.
Board of Education of Independent School District #92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls
Students are entitled to certain due process rights
Goss v. Lopez
Established the doctrine of judicial review.
Marbury v. Madison
Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Students do not leave their rights at the schoolhouse door.
Tinker v. Des Moines