Period 4
In this court case, the court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review
Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)
In this case Chief Justice Taney ruled that slaves were not citizens and had no standing in court.
Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney).
This case defined (A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems). Legalized segregation with regard to private property.
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
This was the first case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.
Muller v. Oregon (1908).
This court case came to an unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren).
Finalized in this court case. any decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810, Marshall)
This case ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.
Ex parte Milligan (1866).
This case legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
This case declared a New York act unconstitutional, therefore limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.
Lochner v. New York (1905).
This case had an ambiguous ruling by a badly divided court that dealt with affirmative action programs that used race as a basis of selecting participants. The court general upheld affirmative action, but with a 4/4/1 split, it was a very weak decision.
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978).
The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)
This case declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
This case declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional.
Pollock v. The Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co. (1895)
This case confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U. S. From U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."
"Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell (1901).
This court case legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
Roe v. Wade (1973).
This court case clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce (congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Marshall)
In this case, a married women in the 1870s attempted to practice law. Under the 14th Amendment she believed she had equal protection under the law as a US citizen and equal rights, however when she attempted to practice law, she was denied on grounds of her being a woman. While her, her husband, and her attorney, took the case to court, they lost the case with a 8-1 ruling by the Chase Court in 1873 arguing that the 14th amendment did not rule over professions among other subjects and naturally woman should remain in household positions.
Bradwell v. Illinois
This case found that due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.
U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895).
This case unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."
Schenck v. U. S. (1919).
This court case extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).
In this court case, republicans tried to revise charter for ______ to be a state university instead of a private college. denied it. the whole reason for this was for charters to not be crossed.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
This case defines the 14th and 15th amendments as relating to states, not individuals and declares the portions of the laws enforcing these amendments that allow prosecution of an individual unconstitutional
US v. Cruikshank or US v. Reese
This case found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890)
The court case upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.
Korematsu v. U. S. (1941).
This court case rejected this presidents claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.
U. S. v. Richard Nixon (1974).