Pathophysiology
Covid-19 Disease is caused by?
SARS-CoV-2
What is the incubation period of Sars-coV-2
2-14 days
When and where was the first case of Covid-19 identified?
Wuhan China, December 2019.
What are general treatment options ?
What is a molecular (PCR) Covid test?
It tests for nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower respiratory specimens collected via nasopharyngeal swabs which diagnoses an active Covis-19 infection.
The virus primarily infects which type of cells in the lungs?
Alveolar Epithelial cells
Which are the first emerging symptoms of Covid 19?
1. Cough
2.Fever
3. Sob
How can transmission be prevented?
Though include social distancing, wearing of masks, washing hands, avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.
What is convalescent plasma?
Convalescent refers to anyone recovering from a disease. Plasma is the yellow, liquid part of blood that contains antibodies. Convalescent plasma from patients who have already recovered from COVID-19 may contain antibodies against COVID-19. Giving this convalescent plasma to hospitalized people currently fighting COVID-19 may help them recover
Name 6 nursing interventions
1. Monitor vital signs; the infection usually begins with a high temperature; monitor the respiratory rate of the patient as shortness of breath is another common symptom.
2.Monitor O2 saturation for hypoxia
3. Maintain respiratory isolation.
4. Manage hyperthermia. Educate the patient and folks. Provide information on disease transmission, diagnostic testing, disease process, complications, and protection from the virus.
5.Enforce strict hand hygiene. Teach the patient and folks to wash hands after coughing to reduce or prevent the transmission of the virus.
6.Manage hyperthermia
How does Covid-19 Spread?
COVID-19 spreads through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes.These particles can be inhaled into the nose, mouth, airways, and lungs and cause infection.Droplets can also land on surfaces and objects and be transferred by touch. A person may get COVID-19 by touching the surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes.
How does respiratory failure occur due to Sars-coV-2?
The immune system overreacts and attacks healthy and infected cells in the lungs causing honeycomb-like holes which scars and stiftens the lung.The alveoli becomes more permeable due to the inflammation causing fluid to leak into the lungs, which decreases its ability to oxygenate blood.
What is the current theory on How the Sars-CoV-2 spread to humans?
The current theory is that the virus originated in bats and jumped into pangolins sold at the Wuhan wet market where it mutated and then migrated into humans.
How does Guaifenesin treat Covid-19?
It liquefies and reduce the viscosity of respiratory secretions
Name 5 nursing care planning goals.
How does the SARS-CoV-2 virus enter the cell?
The virus attaches itself to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor cells, initiating a nonspecific acute lung injury.
Why is a cytokine storm so dangerous?
Sars-CoV-2 causes the immune system to overproduce cytokines which causes large scale inflammation in the body and widespread blood vessel permeability resulting in hypoxia and multiorgan failure.
* Cytokine are proteins which recruits other immune cells to the infection site*
How/when did Covid-19 become a pandemic?
The World Health Organization declared the pandemic on March 11th, 2020; due to a rapid rise in cases reported in Europe, Iran, US, South Korea, Latin America, and Japan.
How does Remdesivir treat Covid-19?
It inhibits viral replication in patients with O2 saturation below 94% or requiring supplemental oxygen
Name 5 nursing diagnoses for Covid-19.
1. Infection related to failure to avoid pathogen secondary to exposure to COVID-19.
2. Deficient knowledge related to unfamiliarity with disease transmission information.
3. Hyperthermia related to increase in metabolic rate.
4. Impaired breathing pattern related to shortness of breath.
5. Anxiety related to unknown etiology of the disease.
What are Sars-cov-2's 3 phases of attack?
1.Viral replication
2.Hyper-reactivity of the immune system
3.Pulmonary Destruction
Sars-cov-2 destroys ______ &_________ which fill the airways with slough and debris causing pneumonia
Goblet cells Respiratory cilia
How is SARS-coV-2 different than other coronaviruses?
SARS-CoV-2 is likely more contagious than the viruses that cause influenza and common cold because it is new to humans. Humans have no way to prepare for it, and their immune systems are not ready to fight it. This results in the virus causing more cellular damage and producing more inflammatory cells. For people with decreased immunity, due to medications, a specific condition, or from aging, the resulting COVID-19 disease is more serious. Asymptomatic carriers also contribute to people unknowingly spreading the virus because they do not know they are infected.
Tgis corticosteroid is one type of anti-inflammatory drug that researchers are studying to treat or prevent organ dysfunction and lung injury from inflammation. Studies have found that it reduces the risk for deaths by about 30% for people on ventilators and by about 20% for people who needed supplemental oxygen.
Dexamethasone
How can healthcare workers protect themselves from Covid-19?