Democracy, Republics & Power
This Greek polis developed direct democracy, but excluded women, enslaved people, and foreigners from political participation.
Athens
This document written by Martin Luther criticized indulgences and helped spark the Protestant Reformation.
95 Theses
This empire preserved Roman law and traditions for nearly 1,000 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
the Byzantine Empire
This intellectual movement emphasized human potential and achievement during the Renaissance.
Humanism
These three motivations are commonly known as the “3 Gs” of exploration.
God, Gold, & Glory
The office of tribune was created in Rome primarily to protect the interests of this social class.
Plebeians
The Great Schism of 1054 permanently divided Christianity into these two branches.
Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic
One major direct cause for the fall of the Western Roman Empire was repeated invasions by these groups.
Barbarians
This Renaissance technique created the illusion of depth and realism in artwork (made art look 3D)
perspective
This global transfer of crops, animals, diseases, and ideas followed European contact with the Americas.
The Columbian Exchange
Unlike Athenian democracy, the Roman Republic relied primarily on this system of governance.
Representative government
This Roman emperor legalized Christianity through the Edict of Milan.
Constantine
The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and this North African power.
Carthage
Copernicus challenged traditional Church teachings by proposing this theory.
Heliocentric Theory
This brutal trans-Atlantic journey forcibly transported millions of enslaved Africans to the Americas.
The Middle Passage
This Roman policy used free grain and entertainment to reduce unrest among the urban poor.
"Bread and Circuses"
This Catholic meeting reaffirmed Church doctrine while reforming some abuses during the Counter Reformation.
Justinian’s legal achievement organized centuries of Roman law into this famous code.
The Code of Justinian
This invention dramatically increased the spread of Reformation ideas and literacy across Europe.
Printing Press
This man discovered that the Americas were separate from Asia and as a result the Americas were named after him.
Amerigo Vespuci
This political transition marked the end of the Roman Republic after years of civil war and culminated in the rule of Augustus.
Republic to Empire
Martin Luther’s doctrine that salvation could be achieved through “faith alone” directly challenged this Catholic belief.
The importance of good works and Church sacraments for salvation
This Medieval system exchanged land for loyalty and military service.
Feudalism
This broader historical movement emphasized observation, experimentation, and the scientific method over tradition.
The Scientific Revolution
This economic theory argued that colonies existed to enrich the mother country through trade and resource extraction.
Mercantalism