Energy in General
What is the original energy source for all of life (think of where energy came from in everything you had to eat).
The sun!
What is the purpose of chlorophyll (beyond just making the plant green)?
Chlorophyll absorbs the sun's energy so it can be used in photosynthesis. (It is best at absorbing blue and red light, and reflects green light.)
The loops/wrinkles that the inner membrane of the mitochondria forms are called what?
Cristae
*mitochondria have cristae in order to fit as much membrane as they can in a small space, so they can have more places to do the ETC*
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes?
Aerobic uses oxygen (cellular respiration)
Anaerobic does not use oxygen (fermentation)
What two types of carbon based molecules store energy?
carbohydrates and lipids
What is a cell's immediate source of energy (loose change)?
ATP
Plants have _____________ on the bottoms of leaves in order to allow gases in and out.
Stomata
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) creates ATP by first creating a __________________ using protein pumps.
Concentration gradient of H+ ions
Fermentation helps cells make ATP by allowing what process to continue?
Glycolysis
The energy stored in chemical bonds is called what?
bond energy
*it's the bond energy in ATP that is our main energy source*
Photosynthesis converts the sun's energy into chemical energy within what type of carbon-based molecule?
Carbohydrates
Where do each of the 2 parts of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast (be specific)?
Light dependent reactions - thylakloid
Light independent reactions - stroma
What types of cells do cellular respiration (when oxygen is present)?
Fermentation is our backup form of energy production, but it is the main form of energy production in what type of cells?
What type of cells change shape in order to open and close stomata?
Guard cells
Where is the energy in ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) stored?
In the bonds between the phosphate groups.
*when you break off one phosphate, it becomes ADP (adenosine di-phosphate), which is the inactive form of ATP*
What molecule does the light independent reactions use as the main building blocks for glucose (C6H12O6)
CO2 (and the H from water)
Where does each of the three steps of cellular respiration take place? (Be specific)
Glycolysis - cytoplasm
Krebs cycle - matrix of the mitochondria
ETC - inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration, and why can't cellular respiration be completed when oxygen is low?
Oxygen receives the high energy electrons at the end of the ETC (which is what forms water), so without oxygen, the electrons have nowhere to go, so the ETC cannot happen.
What gas is released during alcoholic fermentation?
CO2
What is an energy source that can power small reactions and processes (ex: light independent reactions, protein pumps, etc.) but not a whole cell?
high energy electrons
*In photosynthesis, these come from splitting H2O to make O2 during the light dependent reactions. Then they are used up to form bonds between CO2 to make glucose.
In cell respiration, these come from breaking apart glucose in Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Then they are used up in the ETC and put back into O2 to form H2O.
From where do each of the two parts of photosynthesis get their activation energy (be specific).
Light dependent - from the sun
Light independent - from the high energy electrons produced in the light dependent reactions
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle break down glucose into CO2 in order to produce a lot of...?
High energy electrons (for the ETC later)
*They produce some ATP, but their main goal is to prepare for the ETC which will make most of the ATP*
How does fermentation form lactic acid? (What is happening chemically?)
Fermentation transfers the high energy electrons (produced in glycolysis) from their electron carriers (NADH) to pyruvate, which forms lactic acid (and frees up the electron carriers to do another round of glycolysis).
Organisms that perform photosynthesis are called _______________ or _______________ (need both words!).
Autotrophs or producers
(the opposite would be heterotrophs or consumers)