Immune System
What are the three types of natural barriers?
chemical, biological, mechanical
In osmosis, water moves from places of _______ solute concentration to ________ solute concentration
low, high
What is our biological definition of metabolism?
Complex chemical reactions that allow us to build and break down molecules for energy use and storage
what types of cells are eukaryotic?
plant cells and animal cells
the energy stored in chemical bonds is called what?
bond energy
what is the difference between an antibody and an antigen?
antibodies are produced by humans, antigens are on the pathogens
What is exocytosis?
a type of bulk transport (a type of active transport), moving large amounts of substances out of the cell using a vesicle.
what are the three molecules we use for energy ($100, $5, loose change)
lipids, carbohydrates, ATP
what are two differences between plant and animal cells?
*several potential answers*
they expose our bodies to a less harmful version of a pathogen so that our B cells can create antibodies and memory B cells
What are macrophages, what do they do, and what part of the immune response do they fall under?
They are a type of white blood cell that is part of the nonspecific immune response. The perform phagocytosis, in which they consume pathogens, break them down, and spit them out.
What types of substances do NOT move through the membrane easily
large substances, polar substances/ions
what are the reactants and products of cellular respiration
reactants: glucose, oxygen
products: ATP, CO2, H2O
What are the three outer layers in prokaryotic cells?
cell membrane, cell wall, capsule
What is a thylakoid (where is it, what does it do, what does it contain)?
small pancake-like structures in the chloroplast that contain chlorophyll within the lumen. This is where the light dependent reactions take place.
what is the difference between a T cell and a B cell?
T cells kill pathogens, but B cells produce antibodies. Both are part of the specific (adaptive) immune system
What is facilitated diffusion (be as specific and detailed as possible--what does it involve, does it use energy, what does it do with the concentration gradient)?
Using a protein channel to allow polar substances and ions to move across the membrane. This moves in the direction of the concentration gradient and does not require energy.
what are the first two steps of cellular respiration, and what is occurring in these two steps
glycolysis and Krebs cycle --> breaking down glucose in order to create high energy electrons
What are two different structures in the mitochondria (and describe what they are)?
cristae, matrix, inner membrane, outer membrane
what is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal?
bacteriostatic antibiotics slow or stop bacterial growth, but bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria
what are the three jobs of antibodies
agglutinate, neutralize, signal
What are protein pumps, and what do they do?
the allow for active transport, which uses energy to force molecules against the concentration gradient
What are the two parts of photosynthesis, and what is made at the end of each part?
light dependent reactions -- high energy electrons
light independent reactions -- glucose
When packaging and shipping proteins outside of the cell, what is the order of organelles that must be used, starting with the nucleus?
nucleus --> ribosome --> ER --> Golgi
(may also include vesicles, which are the packages that carry substances around cells)
what are three characteristics that all living things share?
*multiple answers*