Kotter’s 8 Steps
What is the very first step in Kotter’s model?
Urgency
What are the three stages of Lewin’s model?
unfreeze - change - refreeze
What does PDCA stand for?
Plan, do, check, act
What percentage of projects fail globally, according to research?
70%
Which group loves change and adopts first?
innovators
Which step involves forming a group with enough credibility to lead change?
Coalition
Which stage prepares people by breaking old habits?
unfreeze
Which step tests changes on a small scale?
do
What is the #1 cause of project failure (57%)?
communication breakdown
What type of adopters are quick to adapt and influence others?
early adopters
Which step emphasizes celebrating small progress to build momentum?
Wins (Short Term Wins)
Which stage locks in new behaviors so they become permanent?
refreeze
Which step involves analyzing results and comparing with goals?
check
What percent of project failures are due to lack of planning?
39%
What group is cautious and slower to adopt change?
early or late majority
What step ensures improvements are reinforced and not lost?
Consolidate
In Lewin’s model, what step is applied when an accounting firm trains staff to use a new digital filing system?
change
Which step is about standardizing improvements or revising plans?
act
What percent of project failures are due to poor quality control?
35%
Name two common reasons why people resist change.
Fear, loss of power, mistrust, apathy, threats to expertise (any 2)
What is the final step where new practices are embedded into culture?
Institutionalized
What real-world object does Lewin’s model often use as a metaphor?
ice cube
In which step are objectives and responsibilities first established?
plan
What key lesson about project risks is emphasized in our discussion?
Technology alone won’t guarantee success — people and planning matter more.
What group of people are the last to accept change, often very skeptical?
laggards