Questions from the book
The most valuable type of research is
a) always conducted using a factor analysis
b) conducted using the chi-square
c) the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships
d) the quasi-experiment
c) the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships
What is internal validity?
Whether the DVs were truly influenced by the experimental IVS
Confounding is said to occur when a desirable variable is introduced in the experiment.
False. Confounding is said to occur when an undesirable variable which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment.
An experiment is said to be confounded when
a) undesirable variable are not kept out of the experiment
b) undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment.
c) basic research is used in place of applied research.
d) the sample is random.
a) undesirable variable are not kept out of the experiment
What is mean, median, mode, and range?
Mean: the average
Median: the middle
Mode: most often
Range: the difference between the large value and the small value
Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means
a) interpreting the results in the simplest way
b) interpreting the results in the most complex way
c) interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient
d) interpreting the results using a clinical interview
a) interpreting the results in the simplest way
What is null hypothesis?
Asserts that the samples will not change.
The independent variable is able to be manipulated, controlled, or altered.
True. :)
In experimental terminology IV stands for ___ and DV stands for
a) independent variable; dependent variable
b) dependent variable; independent variable
c) individual variable; dependent variable
d) independent variable; designer variable
a) independent variable; dependent variable
What is a standard deviation?
Measures how spread out the data is from the mean.
Occam's razor suggests that experimenters
a) interpret the results in the simplest manner
b) interpret the results in the most complex manner
c) interpret the results using a correlation coefficient
d) interpret the results using a clinician interview
a) interpret the results in the simplest manner
What is Type 1 error?
False positive
The two most popular levels of significance are .05 or .0001
False. It is .05 and .01
A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the ________, and the DV will be the ________.
a) professor; anxiety level
b) anxiety level; board exam score
c) biofeedback; board exam score
d) board exam score; biofeedback
c) biofeedback; board exam score
Both researchers and participants do not know the control group.
A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment
a) is parsimonious.
b) is an example of Occam’s Razor.
c) is confounded/flawed.
d) is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling.
c) is confounded/flawed.
What is Type 2 error?
False negative
Type 1 error is called beta and Type 2 error is called alpha
False. Type 1 error is called alpha and Type 2 error is called beta
Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
a) DV
b) dependent variable
c) the variable you will measure to determine the outcome
d) IV or the independent variable
d) IV or the independent variable
What are some examples of system study designs?
- Design A
- Design B
- Design A-B
- Design B-C
- Design A-B-A
- Design A-B-A-B
- Design B-A-B
Nondirective is to person-centered as
a) psychological testing is to counseling
b) confounding is to experimenting
c) appraisal is to research
d) parsimony is to Occam's Razor
d) parsimony is to Occam's Razor
What are chi-square tests?
Significant association between 2 categorical values
Two IVs requires a two-way ANOVA and one IV requires a one-way ANOVA
True. :)
In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) _____ and a(n) _____
a) biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group
b) control group; systematic desensitization group
c) control group; experimental group
d) control group with at least 60 subjects; experimental group with at least 60 subjects
c) control group; experimental group
Who is R.A.Fisher?
He pioneered hypothesis testing