Systems and Levels of Care
A referral from a family medicine clinic to a cardiologist demonstrates this feature connecting two parts of the health system.
What is an interconnection?
This historical theory attributed disease to bad smells, filth, and contaminated air.
What is miasma theory?
This level of government primarily possesses police powers to protect the population’s health and welfare.
What is state government?
This approach emphasizes individual responsibility, competition, and a person’s ability to pay for services.
What is market justice?
This federal agency administers the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
What is the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS
A patient receives highly specialized treatment for severe burns at a major medical center. This represents this level of care.
What is tertiary care?
This scientific theory contributed to improvements in sanitation, safe water, infection control, and disease prevention.
What is germ theory?
Inspecting restaurants and providing services that respond to specific community needs are typically responsibilities of this type of agency.
What is a local health department?
This approach emphasizes shared responsibility and access to essential services based on need.
What is social justice?
This federal agency conducts disease surveillance and provides public health information and guidance during outbreaks.
What is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC?
A patient goes to see their family physician for an annual physical exam. The family physician provides this level of care.
What is primary care?
These two health insurance programs were created in 1965 to expand coverage for older adults and certain low-income populations.
What are Medicare and Medicaid?
Conducting national disease surveillance and issuing public health guidance are responsibilities most closely associated with this level of government.
What is the federal government?
Preventable differences in health outcomes experienced by populations facing systematic disadvantages are known by this term.
What are health disparities?
This federal agency helps protect the public by overseeing the safety of products such as food, medications, and medical devices.
What is the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA?
A patient’s family physician refers the patient to an endocrinologist for management of a complex thyroid condition. The endocrinologist provides this level of care.
What is secondary care?
This federal law supported the construction and modernization of hospitals, particularly in underserved areas.
What is the Hill-Burton Act?
During a multistate foodborne illness outbreak, this level of government coordinates the response across local jurisdictions within its borders and applies state public health authority.
What is the state government or state public health agency?
Food access, housing, transportation, education, employment, and neighborhood conditions are examples of these influences on health.
What are the social determinants of health?
This cabinet-level federal department contains agencies such as CDC, FDA, NIH, CMS, HRSA, and SAMHSA.
What is the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS?
A rural community has a hospital and several specialists, but residents still struggle to receive care because of limited transportation, insurance barriers, and a shortage of primary care providers. This concept explains why the presence of healthcare organizations alone does not guarantee access
What is systems thinking?
Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment gave Congress the authority to collect an income tax, creating revenue that could help support state and local public health programs.
What is the 16th Amendment?
During a multistate foodborne illness outbreak, this level conducts national surveillance, this level coordinates the response across its counties, and this level interviews affected residents.
What are the federal, state, and local levels of government, respectively?
One community receives additional health resources because its residents experience greater economic, geographic, and transportation barriers. This approach represents this concept.
What is health equity?
A rural community has too few primary care providers and difficulty accessing preventive services. Which HHS agency would be most closely associated with efforts involving healthcare access and the health workforce?
What is the Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA?