Embryology
Which pharyngeal pouches are involved in the development of the laryngeal region?
4th and 6th
Where should you perform a plueral tap (thoracocentesis)? assuming you are at the midclavicular line
inferior border of ribs 6-8
Which type epithelium lines the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
stratified squamous epithelium
What is Vital Capacity?
IRV (deep breath in) + TV + ERC (deep breath out)
Pavlyfe goes on a hike to St.Louis where the barometric pressure is 286 mmHg. What is the PO2 at this location?
286mmHg x 21% = 60 mmHg
Differentiate stenosis vs. atresia vs. fistula and how they may present clinically
Stenosis: narrowing
Atresia: complete closure
Fistula: abnormal connection between esophagus/trachea
Tension pneumothorax vs a nontension pneumothorax?
Non tension= air in pleural cavity, but pressure isnt building
Tension pneumothorax= pressure building, mediastinal shift
Where do C shaped cartilage rings appear?
Trachea
Compare the FEV1/FVC ratio between an obstructive disease vs a restrictive disease
Obstructive: ratio is low
Restrictive: ratio is normal/high
A patient has a tidal volume of about .5 L and he seems to be taking about 13 breaths per minute. What is his minute ventilation?
6.5 L/min
The splanchnopleure will give rise to the... (3 "coverings")
Visceral pericardium, visceral pleura, and the visceral peritoneum
Where/how would you treat a pneumothorax?
Needle compression: 2nd intercostal at midclavicular
Tube thoracostomy: 4/5 intercostal space midaxillary
Where can we find club cells?
small bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles
Give 2 examples of obstructive diseases and 2 examples of restrictive diseases
Obstrutive: Emphysema, CF, Bronchitis, Asthma, COPD
Restrictive: Muscular dystrophy, scoliosis, Pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis
Pavlyfe hikes up to St.Louis again where the barometric pressure is 286mmHg. He passes out and is given 30% O2 via nasal. What is the Partial inspiratory O2 of Pavlyfe? hint: consider the humidification
(286 - 47) x .30 = 71.7 mmHg
What is the cause of a tracheoesophageal fistula?
incomplete/abnormal division of the foregut or polyhydramnios
Where do the bronchial veins drain into? L or R bronchial v. you choose
Left: hemizygous v.
Right: azygous v.
What is emphysema?
enlargement of respiratory spaces affecting airways distal to terminal bronchioles, Obstrutive condition, decrease in elastin!
What three volumes can not be measured by spirometry?
RV, TLC, FRC
A paritent has an average Tidal Volume of 500 mL and a breath frequency of 16 breath/min. He has an anatomical VD of 150 ml and an alveolar VD of 20 mL. His TLC is 4.5 L. What is his alveolar ventilation?
VA= (500-170) x 16 = 5280 ml/min
Name all of the lung development stages AND their time periods...
Pseudoglandular (5-17), Canalicular (16-25), Terminal saccular (24-birth), alveolar (32- around 8-10 yrs)
What pathology describes a collection of fluid in the alveoli?
Acute Pulmonary Edema
What do each of the surfactant proteins do?
A & D = Defense
B & C + surfactant maintenance and formation
What is COPD
Obstructive pulmonary disease, combination of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
A patient has an C02 arterial pressure of 46 mmhg. We can assume he is a healthy individual with a PIO2 of 150 mmhg. What is his O2 pressure at his alveoli? (PAO2) (hint: R quotient= 0.8)
PAO2 = PI02 - (PaCo2/R)
150 - (57.5)= 92.5