Anatomy
Physiology
Pathology
Histology
Drugs
EKGs
Heart Sounds
Embryology
Biostats
Neonates
ICR
100
The structure highlighted by the white box
What is the thymus?
100
This is what happens to preload when you add volume (such as during blood transfusion or IV fluids).
What is increase?
100
A type of small vessel disease caused by severe hypertension that causes onion-skinning of the vessel wall as shown.
What is hyperplastic arteriosclerosis?
100
Pale-staining, glycogen-filled fibers located in the subendocardium that are part of the cardiac conduction system
What are Purkinje fibers?
100
These two classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs can cause a prolonged QT interval, leading to Torsades de Pointes.
What are Class IA and Class III anti-arrhythmics?
100
The direction of this lead is from the right arm to the left leg
What is lead II?
100
This heart sound occurs immediately after the end of the T wave on EKG
What is the second heart sound (S2)?
100
A 32 y.o. female at 14 weeks gestation with recent breast cancer diagnosis presents to the OB for guidance on her pregnancy. She asks if she can deliver her baby prior to starting her chemo/radiation treatment next week. You tell her the fetus will not be viable because it is in this stage of lung maturation.
What is the pseudoglandular phase?
100
The probability that a participant in your study will be diagnosed with AAA within the next 5 years
What is hazard rate?
100
Your patient is born with Transposition of the Great Vessels, so you immediately administer this factor to maintain their patent ductus arteriosus.
What is prostaglandin E2?
100
Sudden loss of consciousness due to brief interruption in blood flow to the brain followed by immediate restoration of flow.
What is syncope?
200
The 2 branches that form the superior vena cava
What are the right and left brachiocephalic veins?
200
Make sure not to block this receptor when treating heart failure patients, as it will decrease contractility.
What is the B1 receptor?
200
The #1 risk factor for aortic dissection
What is hypertension?
200
Large vessels contain [this] to nourish the outer tissue layers because they are too thick to receive nutrients from luminal blood
What is the vaso vasorum?
200
This drug allows potassium to leak out of nodal cells, causing a brief hyperpolarization that stops the heartbeat.
What is adenosine?
200
The mean QRS axis seen with a positive impulse in lead I and negative impulse in aVF
What is left axis deviation?
200
This type of S2 splitting is caused by an atrial septal defect.
What is fixed S2 splitting?
200
Right-left laterality is established by the expression of this left-sided gene on the left side of the embryo during gastrulation
What is PITX2?
200
You use this test to compare entire survival curves of 2 groups to see if they are statistically different.
What is the Log-Rank test?
200
At birth, your patient was in respiratory distress with SpO2 of 70% and BGL of 44 mg/dL. History is significant for maternal diabetes. Your patient's insulin likely deactivated these cells.
What are type II pneumocytes?
200
Your patient complains of sharp chest pain that is worse with inspiration. Differentials involving this organ are highest on your list.
What are the lungs?
300
The structure indicated by the green arrow (include side)
What is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
300
This is the calculation for mean arterial pressure
What is diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure?
DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)
300
Treatment for a 3 y.o. patient who presents with fever, conjunctivitis, cervical adenopathy, desquamative rash, and strawberry tongue.
What is aspirin and IVIg?
300
These 2 types of vessels contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
What are veins and lymphatic vessels?
300
This drug causes toxicity in hypokalemic patients.
What is digoxin?
300
The interval associated with the total time of ventricular depolarization and repolarization. It is dangerous when it becomes prolonged (usually due to drugs).
What is the QT interval?
300
The heart sound commonly seen in acute heart failure (due to high left atrial pressure causing rapid early filling of the left ventricle), but heard in normal hearts until the age of 30.
What is S3?
300
This aortic arch dissociates from the aorta to form the pulmonary arteries
What is Arch VI?
300
The X and Y axes on a cumulative survival curve.
What is time on x-axis and survival probability on y-axis?
300
Upon taking her first breath after birth, more blood flows to your patient's lungs which in turn raises left atrial pressure and closes this structure in the heart.
What is the foramen ovale?
300
48 y.o. male with PMHx of hypertension presents to the ED for evaluation of chest pain that radiates to his back, between his shoulder blades. After getting labs and imaging, you diagnose him with a Type A dissection and administer this treatment.
What is intensive antihypertensive therapy couple with surgical repair of the aortic tear?
400
Structures that keep the valve leaflets from prolapsing during systole
What are chordae tendinae?
400
This type of cardiac action potential is characterized by a much slower depolarization, absent phase 2, and a "funny current".
What is a nodal action potential?
400
Necrotizing vasculitis of the digits that is highly associated with heavy smoking
What is Buerger disease / thromboangiitis obliterans? 
400
These cells wrap around the basement membrane along capillaries and work to regulate blood flow and function as stem cells during angiogenesis.
What are pericytes?
400
A patient presents with dry mucous membranes, dilated pupils, flushed skin, fever, and altered mental status. They likely are experiencing poisoning due to what drug?
What is atropine?
400
The patient's estimated heart rate based on this rhythm strip
What is ~114 bpm?
400
Disease causing a "plopping" sound due to temporary obstruction of a valve.
What is a cardiac myxoma?
400
Prior to the 7th month of gestation, hematopoiesis happens in this organ.
What is the liver?
400
This type of cohort study is more expensive and time-consuming but is less vulnerable to bias.
What is a prospective cohort study?
400
The patient is a neonate with birth history significant for nuchal cord, causing him to be hypoxic at birth, as well as GBS+ mother. He is most at risk for this condition which you treat with oxygen, nitric oxide, and vasodilators (as well as antibiotics for strep infection).
What is persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn?
400
Your patient is a 75 y.o. male who presents via EMS after suddenly losing consciousness at Walmart. History is significant for MI. What heart rhythm should be suspected in patients with this chief complaint and history?
What is VTach?
500
The structure indicated by the blue arrow
What is the greater splanchnic nerve?
500
This receptor allows for calcium binding and subsequent release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium-induced calcium release).
What is the ryanodine receptor? 
500
Gray-white myocardial mass that preferentially involves the ventricles and is composed of bizarre, markedly enlarged myocytes with large collections of glycogen
What is a rhabdomyoma?
500
Type of vessel indicated by the arrow
What is a capillary?
500
A drug that primarily works by dilating large veins that return to the heart, leading to less preload and less myocardial oxygen demand. Can be administered sublingually or transdermally.
What is nitroglycerin?
500
This condition is characterized by a jagged sawtooth pattern in leads II, III, and aVF (regular but rapid P waves).
What is atrial flutter?
500
Upon auscultating your patient's heart, you hear a murmur and palpate a thrill. You note this grade of murmur when presenting to your attending.
What is grade 4?
500
Atrioventricular septa are created by this form of septal development, starting at the end of week 4.
What is endocardial cushion formation?
500
The median survival of this group
What is 13 months?
500
Your patient was born at 37 weeks gestation via C-section. Their vitals were overall normal, except for a respiratory rate of 70 breaths per minute. You believe they have this condition 2/2 inadequate fluid absorption and place them on a HFNC.
(can technically be 2 answers)
What is transient tachypnea of the newborn (or respiratory distress syndrome)?
500
Patient is a 62 y.o. female with PMHx of HLD and GERD who presents to the ED via EMS for evaluation of nausea and lightheadedness. She received sublingual NTG and 324mg aspirin prior to arrival. You immediately draw this lab, which you test again at the 1 hour and 4 hour mark to see if it trends upward.
What is troponin?
600
The structure indicated by the blue arrow
What is the superior lingular tertiary bronchus of the left superior lobe?
600
The effect of increasing HR on this cardiac function curve
What is an upward shift?
600
This valve is the most common site of infective endocarditis in IV drug users.
What is the tricuspid valve?
600
Type of capillary typically found in endocrine organs to allow rapid delivery of hormones from secretory cells into blood
What are fenestrated capillaries?
600
Your patient is a 30 year old G1P0 female at 38 weeks gestation who presents s/p rupture of membranes. She has a notable BP of 180s/100s. You diagnose her with eclampsia-related hypertensive emergency and administer this drug.
What is hydralazine?
600
This heart rhythm has no discernable EKG pattern -- no distinct P waves or QRS complexes -- and evolves from Torsades de Pointes.
What is VFib?
600
This type of murmur begins with S1 and ends after S2, and is caused by flow from a high pressure area to a much lower pressure area (such as from a ventricle to atrium or LV to RV). Commonly caused by mitral regurgitation or VSD.
What is a holosystolic murmur?
600
Pulmonary hypoplasia can be induced by decreased intrathoracic space, likely from this congenital malformation.
What is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
600
Hazard ratio greater than 1 means this.
What is increased likelihood of death or outcome of interest?
600
Of the 4 signs of Tetralogy of Fallot, the degree of this one will determine clinical manifestation/severity of symptoms.
What is pulmonary outflow tract obstruction?
600
26 y.o. soccer player presents to the Cardiology clinic for evaluation of a new murmur. It is a systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur that increases with Valsalva maneuver. Your suspicion is confirmed with Echo and you diagnose him with this condition. You tell him you are glad he came in because he is at increased risk of sudden cardiac death.
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
700
The structure that branches off of the aorta to supply blood to the kidneys
What is the renal artery?
700
The effect on vascular resistance when vessel radius doubles
What is increase by a factor of 16?
700
A 25 year old male presents with hypertension, abdominal pain, melena, and neurologic disturbances with varying skin lesions. This blood test, which is commonly associated with this condition (a lung-sparing vasculitis), comes back positive.
What is serum Hepatitis B antigen?
700
This is the layer of the heart that contains an abundance of adipose tissue
What is the epicardium?
700
Rhabdomyolysis is a side effect caused by the combination of these two classes of drug given for hyperlipidemia.
What is a statin + a fenofibrate?
700
This is the calculation used to correct QT for heart rate
What is QT divided by the square root of RR?
700
You evaluate 2 patients back to back in your family medicine clinic for annual exams - a child and a pregnant woman. You auscultate a murmur during both encounters. Both patients are asymptomatic and likely have murmurs of this type.
What is an innocent murmur?
700
Parents are concerned for their newborn who has been choking, coughing, and vomiting with feeds. He frequently becomes blue around the lips and appears to have a full stomach despite difficulty with feeds. CXR shows aspiration pneumonia. This condition is high on your differential.
What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?
700
This type of analysis lets us estimate the likelihood of an individual's survival at a certain time point.
What is Kaplan-Meier analysis?
700
This is the name for the condition caused by shunt reversal resulting from chronic pulmonary overcirculation, which causes cyanosis.
What is Eisenmenger syndrome?
700
76 y.o. male with PMHx of previous MI s/p CABG x 4 who presents to the ED for evaluation of dyspnea and leg swelling. You hear crackles on lung auscultation. You find that this lab value is elevated, which is typically elevated in heart failure patients.
What is BNP?