Experimental Research
What is the primary purpose of experimental research?
To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
What type of research involves observing subjects in their natural environment without intervention?
Observational research.
What measure of central tendency is calculated by adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores?
Mean.
What is the term for a testable prediction derived from a theory?
Hypothesis.
What is the main goal of a systematic review?
To summarize all available evidence on a specific research question using a systematic and transparent process.
In an experiment, what is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher called?
Independent variable.
Which research method examines the relationship between two variables without manipulating them?
Correlational research.
Which measure of central tendency represents the middle score in a data set?
Median.
Which variable is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable?
Dependent variable or outcome.
What statistical technique combines the results of multiple studies into a single summary effect size?
Meta-analysis.
What term describes the group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment?
Control group.
What is a major limitation of correlational research?
It cannot establish causation.
What term describes the most frequently occurring score in a data set?
Mode.
What is the term for the consistency of a measurement instrument?
Reliability.
In a systematic review, what is the term for the criteria used to decide which studies to include or exclude?
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
What is the main advantage of using random assignment in experiments?
It helps ensure that groups are equivalent, reducing potential confounding variables.
What type of non-experimental research involves in-depth analysis of a single individual or group?
Case study or single-subject research.
What is the range in a data set?
The difference between the highest and lowest scores.
What type of validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure?
Construct validity.
What is the term for differences in results between studies in a meta-analysis due to variations in study methods, populations, or interventions?
Heterogeneity.
What is a double-blind study?
An experiment where neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment, minimizing bias.
What is the main difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
Cross-sectional studies assess different subjects at one point in time, while longitudinal studies assess the same subjects over multiple time points.
What measure indicates the average distance of scores from the mean, i.e., quantifies the spread of the data?
Standard deviation.
What is the term for a variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, potentially leading to a false association?
Confounding variable.
What is a forest plot used for in a meta-analysis?
To visually display the effect sizes of individual studies and the overall summary effect size.