miscellaneous
efferent spinal nerves exit the spinal cord _________
afferent spinal nerves exits the spinal cord_________
This Cranial Nerve is both sensory and motor and has 3 major branches( ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular). This cranial Nerve innervates muscles for jaw, mastication, palette, middle ear(tensor tympani)
Cranial Nerve V Trigeminal
Describe Damage to the peripheral branch of the trigeminal nerve ( 2)
- ipsilateral loss of sensation in area of distribution of the nerve and flaccid paralysis of the ipsilateral muscles of mastication
- trigeminal neurologia: recurrent episodes of pain in the distribution of the nerve
what are the two types of TBI depending on the injury?
open head injury: penetration
closed head injury: non penetration
(high velocity vs low velocity)
explain the inertia concept
the head is moving in space and it hits something, comes to a sudden stop. acceleration injuries takes 2 forms:
1) linear acceleration
2) angular(rotational acceleration)
describe blunt head injury(closed head injury)
- rapid acceleration and deceleration
e.g. motor accident, fall
- more diffuse damage rather than focal penetrating injuries
This muscle is sensory and motor and controls the stapedius muscle of the ear, facial muscles, mediates taste and sensation to ________2/3rd of tongue and nasopharynx
cranial nerve VII facial. Anterior 2/3rds
List some of the causes of facial muscle paralysis and damage to CN VII facial nerve
- bell's palsy
- stroke
- tumor
- transient ischemic stroke
- infections of middle ear
- congenital abnormalities
what are some of the reasons high velocity missiles are so traumatic to the brain and result in high mortality? list as many as you can.
- perforate brain and tunnel to opposite side
- high kinetic energy Create a pressure wave with explosive results which destroys tissues
- diffuse bleeding
-foreign materials can enter brain
- white matter tracts can be stretched and rotates leading to diffuse axonal damage
-hemorhaging
describe non-penetrating closed head injury acceleration vs non-acceleration
- in closed head injuries skull and meninges remain intact and no foreign material enters brain
Non acceleration: fixed head trauma, restrained head is struck by moving object( brick, baseball bat, etc)
Acceleration : moving head trauma, unrestrained head is struck by a moving object or moving heads strikes a stationary object. ( whiplash)
Whats the difference between somatic muscles vs, visceral muscles
Somatic: voluntary muscles of body
Visceral:Involuntary muscles controlled by ANS( smooth muscles, blood vessels, GI tract, reproductive tract, respiratory tract)
name the sensory functions of the Cranial Nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear
- equilibrium and hearing
- regulation of neck position
- helps coordinate head and body movement and retain stable fixation during head and body movements
1) what parts of the eye make up the anterior cavity
2) what parts of the eye make up the posterior cavity
1) anterior : iris, cornea, lens. Contains aquos humor( liquid like CSF)
2) posterior: retina( rods and cones). Vitreous fluid (jelly-like and maintains shape)
describe the coup and countercoup effect
coup: brain bruised and lacerated at point of impact
countercoup:brain bruised and lacerated at distant points because brain ricochets against bony protuberances of skull.
brain makes impact- bounces to opposite side of skull
describe a closed head non acceleration injury
VS.
describe a closed head acceleration injury
Non Acceleration:
- head struck by moving object and may cause ellipsoidal deformation( oval skull to circular)
increases skull volume and causes reduced pressure in cranium and subcortical structures( corpus callous and basal ganglia) which expands outward into regions of less pressure. stretches brain tissues and blood vessels which leads to bleeding and swelling
Acceleration:
- head struck by moving object or moving head struck by stationary object.
- brain and brainstem suffer diffuse damage caused by movement in skull
Name all of the Cranial Nerves, in order ;) AND if they are sensory, motor or both
( sorry if you get this question kelly, love you)
I. Olfactory-S VI. Abducens -M
II.Optic -S VII. Facial -B
III. Olfactory -M VIII. Vestibulocochlear-S
IV. Trochlear -M IX. Glossopharyngeal-B
V. Trigeminal -B X. Vagus-B
XI. Spinal Accessory-M
XII. Hypoglossal - M
________ nerve is motor and sensory and innervates the pharyngeal muscles and provides sensation to the velum, palatal arch, and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue and pharynx.
________ nerve is motor and sensory and receives general sensation and motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, thorax abdomen. Regulates nausea, oxygen intake, muscles of phonation, etc. Very important in swallowing
- glossopharyngeal CN IX
- Vagus CN X
Light rays enter the eye and is bent by the curvature of the ________and ______ and converge on the ______and _______ in the retina
cornea and lens
rods and cones
what are diffuse axonal injuries
- occur during acceleration injuries to brain
- nerve cell axons through out brain and brainstem are stretched and then hours later swell up, and later separate and deteriorate
- diffuse process, results in loss of input to neurons and dendritic proliferation
describe linear acceleration (closed head injury) vs. Angular/rotational acceleration (closed head injury).
Linear:
- head struck by force aligned with center axis of head and moves away from point of impact.
- coupe and contrecoup occurs
Angular/Rotational:
- blows to head is off center and causes head to rotate and move angle away from point of impact
- creates twisting forces of axial structures: basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum
- severe damage: tissue damage, bleeding, swelling, effects nerves of major nerve fiber tracts
Name the Cranial Nerves of the eyes and the muscles they control/what they control
Cranial Nerve II Optic- vision, visual fields and reflexes of eyes
Cranial Nerve III Olfactory- superior, middle, inferior rectus muscles. Inferior oblique muscle.
Cranial Nerve IV Trochlear- superior oblique muscle.
Cranial Nerve VI- Lateral Rectus muscle
1)What does the Spinal Accessory muscle do and what muscles does it innervate
2)damage in CN XII results in?
1)Tongue movements
intrinsic( fine motor movements of tongue) and extrinsic muscles( gross motor movements of tongue)
2) ipsilateral half of tongue being paralyzed, flaccid, wrinkled
Rods are along the ________ retina and are sensitive to ________
Cones are in the __________ and central_______and are sensitive to _________
rods are along the peripheral retina. sensitive to white lights and movement
cones are in the macula and central retina and are sensitive to color
Lets Do this together: each person define one
1) subarachnoid hematomas
2) subdural hematomas
3) Epidural hematomas
1) rupture of pia vessels with in subarachnoid space, associated with subdural hemorrhages, can go years unnoticed
2) accumulation of blood beneath dura mater, most common cause auto accidents, most commonly caused by laceration of veins rather than arteries
3) accumulation of blood between dura mater and skull, caused by skull fractures that lacerate arterial channels in the bone. most caused by auto accidents, falls, sports.
Lets do this all together: each person define one of the following:
1) traumatic hemmorrhage
2) Arterial Bleeding
3) veinous bleeding
4) Intracerebral hematomas
1) cuts, bruises, twisting, and shearing forces can cause bleeding. some lobes can be sparred if they have smooth cranial vault surfaces.
2) massive hemorrhages, symptoms progress rapidly and often lead to death in hours
3) slow progression of symptoms, lesion site may ooze blood and show no overt symptoms
4) caused by rupture of blood vessels inside the brain, deep in subcortical white matter ( basal ganglia, brainstem)