hormone receptors
What is the primary signaling mechanism utilized by peptide receptors to initiate cellular responses upon ligand binding?
second messengers
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?
Testosterone hormone
Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting the storage of excess nutrients as glycogen and triglycerides in liver and fat cells, respectively?
Insulin hormone
What is the primary function of beta-endorphin in the body?
Beta-endorphin is primarily involved in pain modulation and mood regulation
Which type of receptor is typically located within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus, and binds to hormone molecules that can freely diffuse across the cell membrane?
intracellular receptors
Which gland produces parathyroid hormone, responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood?
Parathyroid gland
What hormone is mainly responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females and regulation of the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen hormone
What hormone, produced by adipose tissue, plays a key role in regulating appetite and energy balance by signaling satiety to the brain?
Leptin hormone
Which gland is responsible for producing and releasing beta-endorphin?
The pituitary gland
How do steroid receptors typically exert their effects on gene expression within target cells?
Through direct binding to DNA and regulation of gene transcription.
What hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure?
Aldosterone
Which hormone, often referred to as the "stress hormone," is produced by the adrenal glands and plays a key role in regulating metabolism and immune function?
Cortisol hormone
Which hormone, released by the pancreas, helps lower blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and promoting glycogen synthesis?
insulin hormone
What role does beta-endorphin play in the body's response to pain?
Beta-endorphin acts as a natural analgesic, reducing the perception of pain.
Which class of receptors primarily utilizes second messenger systems, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), to transduce extracellular signals?
peptide receptors
What is the primary hormone responsible for promoting growth and development in tissues, released by the anterior pituitary?
Growth hormone (GH)
What are the two main hormones produced by the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating metabolism and growth?
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) hormones.
What is the primary hormone responsible for increasing blood sugar levels during periods of fasting or low blood glucose, by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon hormone
How does exercise influence the release of beta-endorphin in the body?
"runner's high" sensation and a reduction in pain perception.
What type of receptor mediates the cellular effects of steroid hormones such as cortisol and estrogen?
steroid receptors
Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys and helps maintain blood pressure?
Antidiuretic hormone
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) hormones.
What hormone imbalance is commonly associated with obesity and resistance to weight loss due to its role in regulating metabolism and appetite?
leptin hormone
What are the potential effects of beta-endorphin release on mood and stress levels?
can lead to improved mood and reduced stress levels