Chapter 5
This term defines what happens when social norms break down.
Social Disorganization
Operant conditioning is a key component of this theory.
Aker's Social Learning Theory
Bonger
This philosophy of punishment is a mainstay of Peacemaking Criminology.
Restorative Justice
Merton believed that ___________________________ was to blame for anomie in the United States.
The American Dream
Of the four bonds in Social Bond Theory, which is most important when it comes to preventing crime?
Attachment
According to Marx, who comprises the "lumpenproletariat"?
Social scum
Rule of the father
When referencing the Code of the Street, what is the most important aspect?
Status
This theory can only explain secondary deviance.
Labeling Theory
This theorist believed that as women gained more rights in the workplace, they would engage in higher rates of criminal behavior.
Rita Simon
What is the average range of IQ levels in the United States?
85-115 (100 being the average)
Who said that crime was normal in a society?
Emile Durkheim
Which theory has often been used to explain gangs?
Differential Association Theory
When someone states that "the police/authority are doing it, so why can't I?", they are using this technique of neutralization.
Condemnation of Condemners
What is the Flynn Effect?
As environmental conditions approve in locations, the IQ of its inhabitants also rises.
Describe the Concentric Zone theory in detail by describing each zone. Note which zone is the most criminogenic.
1. Center Business District: "The Loop". In this zone, we see successful businesses, large buildings, and in influx of workers from outer concentric zones.
2. The Zone of Transition: This zone borders the Loop and contains dilapidated homes and buildings, high rates of transiency in and out of the zone, immigrant groups who do not speak the same language or share the same customs and typically, poverty.
**This is the zone where crime is most likely to flourish.
3. The Working Class Zone: People who escape zone 2 often land in this zone. It is comprised of apartments.
4. The Residential Zone: This zone is largely dedicated to families with single family homes. You might start to see lawns here and neighbors that interact with one another regularly.
5. The Commuter Zone; This is suburbia at its best; think of white picket fences, large family homes with garages, manicured lawns. Crime is LEAST likely to occur here.
What are the four main components of Hirschi's Social Bond Theory? Explain each!
1) Attachment: How attached one is to their loved ones - This can deter one from committing crime because they want to avoid disappointing these individuals.
2) Commitment: What goals are these non-criminals committed to obtaining in the future? How can these prevent them from committing crime? If one is committed to earning a college degree, for example, they might be aware of the risks involved with crime. For instance, they might lose scholarships or be kicked out of college altogether if legally charged with a crime.
3) Involvement: How involved are these individuals in pro-social, conventional activities? Athletes might be less likely to commit crime because they spend a lot of time in practice, with their team, and competing in games and thus, they have less time to commit crime.
4) Belief: What belief system does this person adhere to? What are their morals (their ideas of right and wrong)? If someone strongly believes in doing the right thing and the "right" thing is to avoid crime, they are less likely to commit crime.
Actually from Chapter 5:
Merton (1938) created his anomie theory, along with five modes of adaptation. What were they? Explain them using societal goals and the means to achieve them. Provide an example of each.
Merton believed that the following five modes of adaptation would emerge. Aside from the first, conformity, all are presumed to be deviant. However, one is more prone to criminality.
1. Conformity: These individuals believe in societal goals and have the means to achieve them. An example: A doctor, lawyer, nurse. *Most people fall into this category.
2. Innovation: Those in this group believe in the societal goals (particularly wealth) but do not have access to legitimate means, so they create their own means through illegal behaviors. *Most likely to be criminal. Example: Drug dealers.
3. Ritualism: Ritualists have the means via hard work, but they do not share the same goal as society (especially as it relates to wealth). They show up to work daily, but do not strive for promotions or wealth. Example: Waitresses, teachers.
4. Retreatism: Those in this group simply cannot adhere to the goals and means because they retreat from society. Example: Someone with a drug addiction (i.e. even more specifically, perhaps to heroin).
5. Rebellion: Those in this group do not agree with societal goals or means, but replace them with their own. Example: Katniss Everdeen or anyone trying to overthrow the current governmental systems
This component of the psychoanalytic theory focuses on obtaining pleasure for one's self above all else.
The Id