Crime Control & Risk Society
This early criminological perspective, associated with thinkers like Cesare Beccaria, argues that individuals have free will and weigh costs and benefits before committing crime.
What is the Classical School
This term refers to exaggerated societal reactions to perceived threats.
What is a Moral Panic
This term refers to politicians promoting harsher punishments to gain public support, even if those policies are ineffective.
What is penal populism
This term describes the repeated movement between prison and the community.
What is prison cycling / recidivism
This type of prison initiative is at the center of a debate; some see it as healing/empowering, and others see it as reinforcing colonial systems.
What is Indigenized programming
This concept describes how modern societies are increasingly organized around managing future risks.
What is the Risk Society
These five groups are identified by Cohen as the main actors involved in a moral panic.
What are the media, the public, politicians, law enforcement, and folk devils
Penal populism is driven more by ____ than by empirical evidence.
What is emotion (fear, anger)
The full term for ROPP
What is Racialized Order of Prison Politics
This concept/phrase describes how some individuals view prison as safer than life outside.
What is prison as temporary refuge
According to Garland, crime is now treated less as a moral issue and more as this.
What is a routine risk to be managed
This concept explains how multiple, interacting systems of oppression shape both lived experiences and media representation in MMIWG cases.
What is intersectionality
This “tough-on-crime” bill, passed in 2012 under the Harper government, introduced mandatory minimums and restricted bail and conditional sentencing.
What is Bill C-10 (The Safe Streets and Communities Act)
This research project examined race relations in Western Canadian prisons and found that race played a limited role in inmates’ daily interactions, with many expressing support for multiculturalism.
What is the University of Alberta Prison Project
This occurs when police use race as a basis for suspicion or surveillance.
What is racial profiling
This model of justice emphasizes efficiency, speed, and crime control, but in practice can reinforce modern racial segregation.
What is the Crime Control Model
This term refers to the level of media attention given to a particular group or issue.
What is visibility
This perspective attributes police misconduct to isolated individuals instead of systemic problems within policing, thereby reducing institutional accountability.
What is the "Bad Apple" Theory
How do risk assessments contribute to unequal re-entry outcomes?
E.g., What is they dispropotionately classify racialized individuals as higher risk, limiting their opportunities (e.g., programming, probation)
A city blocks supportive housing projects across multiple neighbourhoods. What broader structural outcome does this produce?
What is modern segregation / displacement / spatial concentration
This risk management tool can exclude individuals from employment or housing, disproportionately affecting racialized people.
What are criminal record checks
How does W.I. Thomas' idea that "things believed to be true are true in their consequences" apply to moral panic?
What is:
Even if a threat is exaggerated or false, belief in it leads to real policies, punishment, and harm
This U.S. legislation contributed to racial disparities in incarceration by imposing much harsher penalties for crack cocaine than powder cocaine.
What is the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act
Explaining recidivism as _____ rather than a systemic failure ignores structural issues like racism, poverty, and barriers to re-entry, and also serves to justify punitive policy responses.
What is an individual failure
Why is it problematic to describe Indigenous incarceration as a “legacy” of colonialism?
What is it obscures ongoing colonial power structures and current state practices