Chapter #5
What is the difference between a pretrial services officer and a probation officer?
A pretrial services officer: investigates and supervises before trial.
Probation officer: does the same but AFTER conviction.
What is the difference between conditional and unconditional release?
Conditional: Misconduct can result in return to custody (i.e. Parole is a form of conditional release).
Unconditional: The offenders have served their time and are released
These individuals would kidnap poor youth off of the streets and keep them confined in institutions until they sent them to work on ships.
What is the House of Refuge?
How did the courts respond to the families of children taken for the House of Refuge?
The courts sided with the House of Refuge, declaring that the parents had no rights any longer. Therefore, many impoverished children were taken off of the streets and placed into the House of Refuge. Later, the House of Refuge was accused of abusive practices.
The father of probation.
Who is John Agustus?
What does it mean to commute a sentence?
Reduce the original sentence in either length or severity.
According to the Annie E. Casey foundation, how many youth are sent to detention each year?
300,000
In 2016, President Obama banned this practice for juveniles at the federal level.
What is solitary confinement?
On average, probationers stay in community supervision for this amount of time.
When can a parolee be searched?
At any time.
This occurs when officials reprimand minor misconduct of young female probationers by sending them to jail/prison.
What is bootstrapping?
Which juvenile is most likely to be a victim of sexual abuse while incarcerated?
Female juveniles
What is the difference between passive and active electronic monitoring?
Active: uses GPS and tracks 24/7 via ankle monitor
Passive: Voice verification systems and other less commonly used tools
What is Ban the Box?
A policy that asks employers to remove the "box" on their application forms which asks about prior felony convictions. The belief is that this will help ex-offenders have a better opportunity at securing employment post-incarceration. Still, they will have to disclose their criminal history, but AFTER the employer has a chance to get to know them.
What is the age crime curve?
The age crime curve is supported by academic research. It shows that MOST criminals will age into crime in their teenage years, typically around 16, and "age out" of crime (stop committing crime) around the age of 24.
What is the threshold for which probationers can be searched by their probation officer?
Reasonable Suspicion
Explain Hawaii H.O.P.E. and its efficacy.
Hawaii HOPE was designed in 2004 by Judge Alm. It focuses on the certainty and severity aspects of punishment for drug users; they face immediate jail time if caught with a positive test. Probationers call in everyday with a color and number to see if they are to come in for a drug test, so it is randomized. If caught, however, the jail time is not LONG, but serves as a warning. This is highly effective, with the the National Institute of Justice endorsing it; probationers were 55% less likely to recidivate, 72% less likely to use drugs, and 43% less likely to have probation rights revoked.
What is reentry? Explain in detail, noting how many people reenter society, and listing some of the major challenges associated with this process.
Reentry occurs when a formerly incarcerated individual returns to society. Approximately, 95% of all offenders will return to the free world at some point. Challenges include finding housing, accessing healthcare and mental health resources, trying to secure employment, losing the right to vote (permanently in some states), strained relationships, and the stigma associated with being an ex-offender.
Explain the deleterious effects of The School To Prison Pipeline, including WHO it affects most and what impact it has on them.
The School to Prison Pipeline describes the process of funneling young children and adolescents from school to the criminal justice system, typically for minor behavioral infractions, such as:
1. Dress code violations
2. Talking back
3. Minor disobedience in class/Arguments with peers
Black children, children with disabilities, and LGBTQ children are at an increased risk of experiencing this phenomenon. Numerous effects include: 1) traumatizing the students 2) disrupting and often discouraging their school trajectory 3) uprooting their economic potential in the future and 4) possibly directing them to a life of crime/involvement in the CJS.
Explain the case of Roper v. Simmons (2005).
In this case, Simmons was a 17 year old male who was sentenced to death for his role in the murder of his neighbor. Along with his peers, Simmons hogtied the victim up and threw her into the river. Though he initially received a death sentence, the Supreme Court claimed that executing juveniles (even though they would be adults at the time) violated the 8th Amendment. Thus, no juveniles can receive a death row sentence.