Chapter #5
Hedonistic calculus
The method of calculating the costs and benefits of behavior before acting.
The first criminologist to look at female offenders.
Lombroso
This theory is often used to explain gangs.
Differential Association
This critical theorist believes that capitalism is the root cause of crime.
Atavism
Evolutionary Throwbacks
Per Ferri's typology, most criminals fall under this category.
Occasional criminals
Psychopathy is linked to this type of crime
Violent crimes
Most people age out of crime. What would Moffitt call these individuals?
Adolescent-Limited offenders
Utilitarianism
The greatest good for the greatest number.
This case demonstrated the danger of labeling others "feebleminded".
Buck v. Bell
Merton believed that "anomie" was the disjuncture between __________________________________.
One's goals and means
This term is commonly used to refer to the process of aging out of or stopping criminal behaviors.
Desistance
Who coined the term utilitarianism?
Jeremy Bentham
Who coined the term "anomie"?
Merton ascertained that people responded to strain/anomie in various ways. List three of the five modes of adaptation and describe them. *Which is MOST prone to crime?
Conformists: Believe in the goals and have the means/opportunities to achieve them. LEAST likely to commit crime.
Innovators: Believe in the goals, lack the means, so they create them, typically through crime.
Ritualists: Believe in the means, NOT the goals.
Retreatists:Escape from both the goals and means of mainstream society, usually via alcoholism, drug use, or homelessness.
Rebels: Recreate their own goals and means.
W.E.B. DuBois is the founder of "black Criminology".
True
Beccaria developed Deterrence Theory. According to this theory, what are three requirements for punishment, if it is meant to prevent future crime? Explain each.
Punishment must be...
Swift: Quickly, immediately following crime.
Severe: Proportional to the crime. *NOT overly harsh
Certain: The would-be offender must be certain that they will be caught in order to avoid offending.
According to Sheldon, body types (or somatotypes) could be used to predict criminal behavior. List the three body types and explain which is prone to commit crime under this theory.
Endomorph: Round, bubbly, and outgoing.
Ectomorph: Thin, shy, and introverted.
Mesomorph: Muscular, athletic built. They are often aggressive and more prone to crime.
Describe Park and Burgess' Concentric Zone Theory. List and describe the five zones and note which one is most likely to be criminogenic.
Zone I: City Business District/"The Loop"
Zone II: Zone in Transition. People move in and out of this area and live in small apartments. Often, they do not speak the same language and thus, do not form bonds with their neighbors. *Most likely to be criminogenic.
Zone III: Working Class Zone: When people escape Zone II, they often move here and live in single family tenements.
Zone IV: Residential Zone: Family homes
Zone V: The Commuter Zone: The commuters live in the suburbs with nice, manicured lawns and large homes.
What is the age-crime curve? Explain.
The age-crime curve demonstrates that most individuals age out of crime by their early twenties.
Furthermore, crime is prominent among one's adolescent years and many criminologists believe this is normal.
For a view of this graph, look at the Chapter #8 PowerPoint!