Gender & Crime
According to Otto Pollak's controversial theory, what term describes the belief that the criminal justice system is more lenient towards women due to societal perceptions of women as weak and in need of protection, leading to lower rates of arrest and sentencing for female offenders?
"The Chivalry Thesis":
What controversial policing practice involves the stopping, questioning, and often searching of individuals by law enforcement officers, with ethnic minorities being disproportionately targeted in many cases?
Stop and search
What term describes a young person who has committed a criminal offense or engaged in behavior that violates societal norms or laws?
Juvenile delinquent
Explain what is meant by the terms crime & deviance
Crime is an act that breaks codified laws
Deviance refers to behaviours, beliefs, or characteristics that violate social norms or expectations within a society.
Which perspective believes a little bit of crime is good for society ?
Functionalist
This feminist perspective on crime emphasises the importance of examining power dynamics within intimate relationships and the role of patriarchal control in shaping women's involvement in criminal behaviour.
Control Theory
What term refers to the informal norms, attitudes, and behaviours within police organisations that perpetuate racism and discriminatory practices, particularly towards ethnic minorities, often manifested in the form of derogatory language, biased policing, and lack of accountability?
canteen culture
What term refers to the social bonds and connections, including attachment to family, school, work, and other conventional institutions, proposed by Travis Hirschi as a key factor in reducing the likelihood of individuals engaging in criminal behaviour?
Bonds of attachment
Anomie is described as what ? and by which theoretical perspective ?
Anomie is described as a state of normlessness or a breakdown of social norms and values in society. This concept was introduced by Émile Durkheim
What concept, proposed by sociologist Kingsley Davis, suggests that prostitution eased societal tensions by providing an outlet for men to release sexual and emotional frustrations, thereby reducing the likelihood of more serious forms of deviant behaviour, such as sexual violence or marital discord?
"safety valve"
Which Feminist developed control theory
Who is Frances Heidensohn
What term describes the process by which individuals from minority communities navigate the criminal justice system, often encountering barriers and biases based on their race, ethnicity, or socio-economic status, leading to differential treatment and outcomes?
Negotiation of justice
The age of criminal responsibility in the UK is
10 years old
Albert Cohen, an American sociologist, in his 1955 book titled "Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang." In this work, Cohen explored the reasons why working-class boys often engage in delinquent behaviour, proposing that their frustration and resentment stem from their inability to achieve success and recognition within mainstream society's established status hierarchy. what is the term he used for this ?
Status frustration theory
What term refers to the social mechanisms and practices within a society that establish and reinforce good behaviour and punish bad, serving to maintain social order and cohesion & which functionalist developed this ?
Boundary maintenance
Coined by Edwin Lemert, this term describes the phenomenon where women who deviate from traditional gender norms by committing crimes experience not only societal condemnation for their criminal behaviour but also additional stigma for violating gender expectations.
"Double Deviance":
According to which sociologists critique, what term describes the media's construction of the "black mugger" as a racialized criminal stereotype, which contributes to the stigmatisation and marginalisation of black communities?
Stuart Hall's work
What sociological concept describes the tendency for individuals to be more likely to engage in criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood, with crime rates generally decreasing as individuals age?
Age crime curve
What term describes a widespread societal reaction characterised by exaggerated fears and concerns about a perceived threat to societal values, morals, or safety, often fueled by media sensationalism and leading to calls for increased social control measures and who developed this theory ?
Stan Cohens Morals panic
What term describes the gap between the number of crimes that are officially reported and recorded by law enforcement agencies and the actual number of crimes that occur in society, which includes unreported or undiscovered offences?
The dark figure of crime
This theory posits that rapid social changes, such as shifts in gender roles and economic restructuring, have led to a perceived crisis of masculinity, causing some men to engage in exaggerated displays of traditional masculinity as a way to assert their identity and status in society.
crisis of masculinity
what term describes the role of the media in sensationalising and exaggerating crime stories, leading to heightened public fear and moral panic, which in turn fuels calls for stricter law enforcement measures, thus amplifying the perceived severity of the issue?
Deviancy amplification
what are the 4 bonds of attachment according to Travis Hirschi ?
Attachment , commitment , involvement and belief
What term refers to individuals or groups who are portrayed as symbols of societal deviance and moral decay, often scapegoated and vilified in the media and by public discourse during periods of moral panic ? provide an example to demonstrate your understanding
Folk devil
punks
mods rockers
hoodies
Asylum seekers
What concept, proposed by Michel Foucault, describes the pervasive monitoring and observation of individuals by disciplinary institutions and technologies, such as surveillance cameras, to regulate behaviour and enforce social norms, including deterring criminal behaviour?
Foucauldian theory of surveillance