Juvenile Justice
In the late 1760s, under English common law, the cutoff for considering someone an adult in the justice system was generally set at ______ years old.
14
Maintaining ______ can facilitate reentry and help individuals succeed in their communities.
family ties
The socialization process distinct within incarceration subcultures is called ______.
prisonization
Which case resulted in a stricter standard of evidence in juvenile court?
In re Winship
The right to confer with the attorney for the government in their case and to full and timely restitution are rights granted to victims of federal crimes by the ______ Act.
Crime Victims Rights
In the 1990s, a police prevention program was designed to educate school children about the dangers of illegal substances. What was the name of this program?
(DARE) Drug Awareness Resistance Education
In 2003, President Bush signed the Prison Rape Elimination Act, which ______.
required the collection of data on prison sexual assault
According to the ________ model, incarcerated individuals are influenced by their previous backgrounds outside of prison.
importation
In ______, the court held that juveniles brought to trial had no right to a jury.
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
If a judge wishes to harshly punish a repeat offender so that the offender will be dissuaded from committing the same crime again, what is their goal?
specific deterrence
Juveniles tried and convicted in adult courts are ______ to commit offenses in the future compared with youth adjudicated in the juvenile system.
more likely
A 2011 United Nations report noted that the practice of solitary confinement is ______.
similar to torture
Under the ______ model, the person who is incarcerated adapts to the prison environment.
deprivation
In ______, the court determined that life sentences for juvenile offenders who did not commit homicide constituted cruel and unusual punishment.
Graham v. Florida
A sentence of 10–15 years in prison is an example of a(n) ______ sentence.
indeterminate
A juvenile repeat offender is in a disposition hearing for a third instance of simple assault. Although in this state, the law does not require it, based on the predisposition report and the judge’s discretion, the judge decides to refer the offender to adult court. This is an example of a(n) ______.
judicial waiver
Rehabilitation and treatment programs in prisons are typically ______.
limited
In the ______ subculture, values are imported from the outside and the inmate code is followed.
convict
In the court case of ______, it was decided that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility for parole for juvenile offenders for non−murder charges are unconstitutional.
Miller v. Alabama
A jury determines that a defendant is guilty of drug possession but decides to acquit because they think that the drug laws are too harsh. What is this an example of?
jury nullification
A 17−year−old juvenile offender is charged with aggravated assault and kidnapping. Although the individual expresses remorse and explains that it was due to substance abuse issues, the judge has no choice but to refer him to adult court. This is an example of a(n) ______.
automatic waiver
What social identity is often used as a primary criteria people who are incarcerated use to establish gang affiliation?
race/ethnicity
The adoption of prison slang is known as ______.
argot
Which 2016 Supreme Court case ruled that Miller v. Alabama must be applied retroactively—ruling that individuals who as juveniles received automatic life sentences with no chance of parole must be resentenced or considered for parole?
Montgomery v. Louisiana
______ is the most cited reason used by people in favor of the death penalty.
Retribution